Uphononongo lufumene indlela yokwenza iibhetri esizisebenzisa yonke imihla ukuze zomelele ngakumbi, zibe namandla kwaye zikhuseleke.
Unyaka ngu-2018 kwaye ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla ngoku buxhaswa zizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza ngombane okanye ngeebhetri. Ukuthembela kwethu kwizixhobo ezisebenza ngebhetri kukhula ngokumangalisayo. Ibhetri sisixhobo esigcina amandla eekhemikhali aguqulwa abe ngumbane. Iibhetri zifana nee-reaktors ezincinci zeekhemikhali ezineempendulo ezivelisa ii-electron ezigcwele amandla ahamba kwisixhobo sangaphandle. Nokuba ziiselfowuni okanye iilaptop okanye ezinye izithuthi zombane, iibhetri - ngokubanzi i-lithium-ion - ngumthombo wamandla ophambili kwezi teknoloji. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubeka iphucuka, kukho imfuno eqhubekayo yeebhetri ezincinci, ezinomthamo ophezulu, kunye nezikhuselekileyo zokutshaja.
Iibhetri zinembali ende kunye nezukileyo. Isazinzulu saseMerika uBenjamin Franklin waqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi “ibhetri” ngowe-1749 ngoxa wayesenza imifuniselo yombane esebenzisa iseti yeecapacitor ezidityanisiweyo. Ingcali yefiziksi yaseNtaliyane uAlessandro Volta waqulunqa ibhetri yokuqala ngo-1800 xa waqokelela iidiski zobhedu (Cu) kunye nezinc (Zn) ezahlulwe ngelaphu elifakwe emanzini anetyuwa. Ibhetri ye-lead-asidi, enye yeebhetri ezihlala zihlala kunye neyona indala itshajwayo yaqanjwa ngo-1859 kwaye isasetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezininzi nanamhlanje kubandakanywa injini yokutsha yangaphakathi kwizithuthi.
Iibhetri zihambe indlela ende kwaye namhlanje ziza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiiMegawatt ezinkulu, ngoko ke ngokwethiyori ziyakwazi ukugcina umbane ovela kwiifama zelanga kunye nokukhanyisa iidolophu ezincinci okanye zinokuba ncinci njengalezo zisetyenziswa kwiiwotshi ze-elektroniki, akunjalo? Kwibhetri eyintloko, impendulo evelisa ukuhamba kwee-electron ayinakuguqulwa kwaye ekugqibeleni xa enye yee-reactants zayo isetyenziswa ibhetri iba yiflethi okanye ife. Ibhetri eyintloko eqhelekileyo yibhetri ye-zinc-carbon. Ezi bhetri ziyintloko zaziyingxaki enkulu kwaye indlela ekuphela kwayo yokujongana nokulahla ezo bhetri yayikukufumana indlela apho zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe khona - oko kuthetha ukuba ngokuzenza ziphinde zitshajwe. Ukutshintshwa kweebhetri ngentsha ngokucacileyo kwakungenakwenzeka kwaye ngoko ke njengoko iibhetri zazisiba namandla kwaye zinkulu kwaba nzima kakhulu ingasathethwa ke ngokubiza kakhulu ukuzitshintsha nokuzilahla.
Ibhetri ye-nickel-cadmium (NiCd) yayiyeyokuqala ibhetri ekwaziyo ukutshajwa kwakhona esebenzisa ialkali njenge-electrolyte. Ngo-1989 iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydrogen (NiMH) zaphuhliswa zibe nobomi obude kuneebhetri zeNiCd. Noko ke, babenezithintelo ezithile, ubukhulu becala kukuba babenovelwano kakhulu ekutshajisweni nasekufudumezeni ngokugqithiseleyo ngokukodwa xa babehlawuliswa chaza umlinganiselo wabo omkhulu. Ke ngoko, kuye kwafuneka ukuba zihlawuliswe ngokucothayo nangononophelo ukuthintela nawuphi na umonakalo kwaye zifuna amaxesha amade ukuze zihlawulwe ngeetshaja ezilula.
Iibhetri zeLithium-ion (iiLIB) ezaqalwa ngo-1980, zezona bhetri zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezisetyenziswa ngabathengi namhlanje. ILithium yenye yezona zinto zikhaphukhaphu kwaye inenye yezona powers zinkulu ze-electrochemical, ngoko ke olu dibaniselwano lufanelekile ukwenza iibhetri. KwiiLIB, ii-ion zelithium zihamba phakathi kwee-electrodes ezahlukeneyo nge-electrolyte eyenziwe ngetyuwa kunye nezinyibilikisi ze -organic (kwii-LIB ezininzi zemveli). Ngokwethiyori, i-lithium metal yeyona metal ine-electric positive enomthamo ophezulu kakhulu kwaye lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwiibhetri. Xa iiLIB zitshaja kancinci, i-ion yelithium etshajiweyo iba yi-lithium metal. Ke ngoko, iiLIB zezona bhetri zitshaja zidumileyo ezisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo eziphathwayo ngenxa yobomi bazo obude kunye nomthamo ophezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki enkulu kukuba i-electrolyte inokutshaja ngokulula, ibangele i-short-circuit kwibhetri kwaye oku kunokuba yingozi yomlilo. Enyanisweni, ii-LIB azizinzanga kwaye azisebenzi kakuhle njengoko ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuhanjiswa kwe-lithium kuba yinto engalinganiyo. Ii-LIB nazo zinamazinga aphantsi okutshaja kunye nokukhupha kwaye iingxaki zokhuseleko zenza ukuba zingabi namandla kwiimashini ezininzi ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nomthamo ophezulu, umzekelo izithuthi zombane kunye ne-hybrid. I-LIB ibikwe ukuba ibonakalisa amazinga amahle omthamo kunye nokugcinwa kwayo kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga.
Ke, yonke into ayifezekanga kwihlabathi leebhetri njengoko kule minyaka yamva nje iibhetri ezininzi ziphawulwe njengezingakhuselekanga ngenxa yokuba zibamba umlilo, azithembekanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zingasebenzi kakuhle. Iingcali zenzululwazi kwihlabathi jikelele zifuna ukwakha iibhetri eziya kuba zincinci, zihlaziywe ngokukhuselekileyo, zibe khaphukhaphu, zomelele kwaye kwangaxeshanye zibe namandla kakhulu.Ngoko ke, ingqwalasela itshintshele kwi-electrolyte eqinileyo njengeyona ndlela inokwenzeka. Ukugcina oku njengeenketho ezininzi eziye zazanywa zizazinzulu, kodwa uzinzo kunye nokulinganisa kube ngumqobo uninzi lwezifundo. Iipolymer electrolytes zibonise amandla amakhulu kuba azinzile nje kuphela kodwa ziguquguquka kwaye zingabizi. Ngelishwa, owona mba uphambili nge-electrolyte yepolymer kukungaqhubi kakuhle kwabo kunye neempawu zoomatshini.
Kwisifundo sakutshanje esipapashwe kwi-ACS Nano Letters , abaphandi babonise ukuba ukhuseleko lwebhetri kunye nezinye iimpawu ezininzi zinokuphuculwa ngokongeza ii-nanowires kuyo, nto leyo eyenza ibhetri ibe ngcono. Eli qela labaphandi abavela kwiKholeji yeSayensi yeZinto kunye noBunjineli, kwiYunivesithi yeTekhnoloji yaseZhejiang, eTshayina bakhe phezu kophando lwabo lwangaphambili apho benze ii-nanowires ze-magnesium borate ezibonakalise iimpawu ezilungileyo zoomatshini kunye nokuqhuba. Kolu phononongo lwangoku bajonge ukuba oku kuya kuba yinyani na kwiibhetri xa ezi nanowires zongezwa kwi-electrolyte ye-polymer eqinileyo. I-electrolyte ye-Solid-state ixutywe ne-5, 10, 15 kunye ne-20 ubunzima bee-nanowires ze-magnesium borate. Kwabonwa ukuba ii-nanowires zonyusa ukuqhuba kwe-electrolyte ye-polymer eqinileyo eyenza iibhetri ziqine kwaye ziqine xa zithelekiswa nezangaphambili ngaphandle kwee-nanowires. Oku kwanda kokuqhuba kwakubangelwa kukwanda kwenani lee-ions ezidlulayo nezihamba nge-electrolyte kwaye ngesantya esikhawulezayo kakhulu. Lonke ulungiselelo lwalufana nebhetri kodwa lunee-nanowires ezongezelelweyo. Oku kubonise izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kunye nokunyuka kwemijikelo xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri eziqhelekileyo. Kwenziwa uvavanyo olubalulekileyo lokutsha kwaye kwabonakala ukuba ibhetri ayitshi. Ii-applications eziphathwayo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo kunye neelaptops kufuneka ziphuculwe ngamandla aphezulu kwaye amaninzi agcinwe kancinci. Oku ngokucacileyo kwandisa umngcipheko wokukhupha ngamandla kwaye kuyalawuleka kwizixhobo ezinjalo ngenxa yefomathi encinci yeebhetri ezifunekayo. Kodwa njengoko ii-applications ezinkulu zeebhetri ziyilwe kwaye zivavanywa, ukhuseleko, ukuqina kunye namandla kuthatha ukubaluleka okukhulu.
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Umthombo (s)
USheng O et al. 2018. I-Mg2B2O5 Nanowire Enabled Multifunctional Solid-State Electrolytes ene-High Ionic Conductivity, iiProperties zeMechanical eziBalaseleyo, kunye nokusebenza okuBuyisela ilangabi. IiNano Letters. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00659
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