Uphando oluphumeleleyo luthatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni inkqubo yokugcina idatha yedijithali esekelwe kwi- DNA .
Idatha yedijithali ikhula ngesantya esiphezulu namhlanje ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwethu kwizixhobo kwaye ifuna ukugcinwa okuqinileyo kwexesha elide. Ukugcinwa kwedatha kuya kuba nzima kancinci kancinci kuba iteknoloji yedijithali yangoku ayikwazi ukubonelela ngesisombululo. Umzekelo kukuba idatha yedijithali engaphezulu yenziwe kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo kunayo yonke imbali yeekhompyutha , eneneni i-2.5 quintillion byte {1 quintillion byte = 2,500,000 Terabytes (TB) = 2,500,000,000 Gigabytes (GB)} yedatha yenziwa yonke imihla emhlabeni. Oku kuquka idatha kwiindawo zonxibelelwano lwentlalo, iintengiselwano zebhanki ezikwi-intanethi, iirekhodi zeenkampani kunye nombutho, idatha evela kwiisathelayithi, ukubekwa kweliso, uphando, uphuhliso njl. Le datha inkulu kwaye ayicwangciswanga. Ke ngoko, ngoku ngumceli mngeni omkhulu ukujongana neemfuno ezinkulu zokugcina idatha kunye nokukhula kwayo okukhulu, ngakumbi kwimibutho kunye neenkampani ezifuna ukugcinwa okuqinileyo kwexesha elide.
Ukhetho olukhoyo ngoku ziihard disk, iidiski zamehlo (iiCD), izinto zokukhumbula, iiflash drives, kunye neeteyiphu eziqhubela phambili ngakumbi okanye iidiski zeBluRay ezibonakalayo ezigcina malunga ne-10 Terabytes (TB) yedatha. Izixhobo zokugcina ezinjalo nangona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zineengxaki ezininzi. Okokuqala, zinobomi beshelufu obusezantsi ukuya-phakathi kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zobushushu kunye nokufuma ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala amashumi amaninzi eminyaka kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifuna iindawo zokugcina eziyilwe ngokukodwa. Phantse zonke ezi zidla amandla amaninzi, zininzi kwaye azinakwenzeka kwaye zingonakaliswa ekwindla nje. Ezinye zazo zibiza kakhulu, zihlala zithwaxwa yimpazamo yedatha kwaye ke azikho robust ngokwaneleyo. Inketho eyamkelwe kwihlabathi jikelele ngumbutho ibizwa ngokuba yi-cloud computing - ilungiselelo apho inkampani ngokusisiseko iqeshe iseva "yangaphandle" yokusingatha yonke i-IT kunye neemfuno zokugcina idatha, ekubhekiselwa kuyo "njengelifu". Enye yezinto ezingalunganga eziphambili kwi-computing yefu lukhuseleko kunye nemiba yabucala kunye nokuba sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa ngabahlaseli. Kukwakho neminye imiba efana neendleko eziphezulu ezibandakanyekayo, ulawulo olulinganiselweyo yintlangano yabazali kunye nokuxhomekeka kweqonga. I-computing yamafu isabonwa njengenye indlela efanelekileyo yokugcina ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, kujongeka ngathi ulwazi lwedijithali oluveliswa kwihlabathi liphela ngokuqinisekileyo lugqithisa amandla ethu okuligcina kwaye nezisombululo ezomelele ngakumbi ziyafuneka ukukhawulelana nonogumbe wedatha ngelixa unikezela nge-scalability ukuthathela ingqalelo iimfuno zokugcina ngokunjalo.
Ngaba i-DNA inokunceda kwindawo yokugcina ikhompyutha?
I-DNA yethu (i-Deoxyribonucleic acid) ithathwa njengenye indlela enomdla yokugcina idatha yedijithali. I-DNA zizinto eziziphindaphindayo ezikhoyo phantse kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kwaye yiyo edala ulwazi lwethu lwemfuza. I -DNA yokwenziwa okanye eyenziweyo yinto eqinileyo enokwenziwa kusetyenziswa oomatshini bokwenza i-oligonucleotide abathengiswayo. Inzuzo ephambili ye-DNA kukuphila kwayo ixesha elide njengoko i -DNA ihlala ixesha elide ngokuphindwe kayi-1000 kune-silicon (i-silicon-chip - izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha iikhompyutha ). Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-cubic millimeter enye ye -DNA inokugcina i-quintillion yee-bytes zedatha! I-DNA ikwayinto encinci kakhulu engasoze yonakale kwaye inokugcinwa kwindawo epholileyo, neyomileyo kangangeenkulungwane ezingamakhulu. Ingcinga yokusebenzisa i-DNA ukugcina ibikho ixesha elide ukuya kuthi ga ngo-1994. Isizathu esiphambili yindlela efanayo apho ulwazi lugcinwa khona kwikhompyutha nakwi -DNA yethu - kuba zombini zigcina iiplani zolwazi. Ikhompyutha igcina yonke idatha njenge-0s kunye ne-1s kwaye i-DNA igcina yonke idatha yesidalwa esiphilayo isebenzisa iziseko ezine - i-thymine (T), i-guanine (G), i-adenine (A) kunye ne-cytosine (C). Ke ngoko, i-DNA ingabizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokugcina esiqhelekileyo, njengekhompyutha, ukuba ezi ziseko zinokumelwa njenge-0s (iziseko A kunye no-C) kunye ne-1s (iziseko T kunye no-G). I-DNA iqinile kwaye ihlala ixesha elide, eyona nto ilula kukuba ikhowudi yethu yemfuza - isicwangciso sayo yonke ingcaciso yethu egcinwe kwi-DNA - idluliselwa ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye ngendlela ephindaphindwayo. Zonke izixhobo zesoftware kunye nehardware zinomdla wokusebenzisa i-DNA yokwenziwa ukugcina izixa ezikhulu ukuze zifezekise injongo yazo yokusombulula ugcino lwedatha lwexesha elide. Ingcinga kukuguqula kuqala ikhowudi yekhompyutha i-0s kunye ne-1s ibe yikhowudi ye-DNA (A, C, T, G), ikhowudi ye-DNA eguquliweyo emva koko isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imicu yokwenziwa ye-DNA enokufakwa kwindawo yokugcina ebandayo. Nanini na xa kuyimfuneko, imicu ye-DNA ingasuswa kwindawo yokugcina izinto ebandayo kwaye ulwazi lwayo luchongwe kusetyenziswa umatshini wokulandelelanisa i-DNA kwaye ulandelelwano lwe-DNA ekugqibeleni luguqulelwe kwifomathi yekhompyutha ye-binary ye-1s kunye ne-0s ukuze ifundwe kwikhompyutha.
Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba iigram ezimbalwa ze-DNA zinokugcina i-quintillion byte yedatha kwaye ziyigcine injalo ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka engama-2000. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwazi lulula luye lwajongana nemingeni ethile. Okokuqala, kubiza kakhulu kwaye kucotha kabuhlungu ukubhala idatha kwi-DNA oko kukuthi ukuguqulwa kwangempela kwe-0s kunye ne-1s kwiziseko ze-DNA (A, T, C, G). Okwesibini, xa idatha "ibhaliwe" kwi-DNA, kunzima ukufumana nokufumana iifayile kwaye kufuna indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi- DNA sequencing - inkqubo yokumisela ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lweziseko ngaphakathi kwimolekyuli ye-DNA - emva koko idatha ibuyiselwa kwi-0s kunye ne-1s.
Uphononongo lwakutshanje lwesibini olwenziwe zizazinzulu ezivela kwiMicrosoft Research kunye neYunivesithi yaseWashington lufikelele "kwindawo yokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga" kwisitoreji se-DNA. Icala "lokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga" libaluleke kakhulu kuba lithetha ukuba ulwazi lunokudluliselwa kwindawo okanye luvela kuyo (ngokubanzi inkumbulo) apho yonke indawo, nokuba ikweyiphi na indawo elandelelanayo kwaye inokufikelelwa ngqo. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela yokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga, iifayile zinokufunyanwa kwisitoreji se-DNA ngendlela ekhethiweyo xa kuthelekiswa nangaphambili, xa ukufunyanwa okunjalo kufuna imfuneko yokulandelelanisa nokuchonga iseti yedatha ye-DNA yonke ukufumana nokukhupha iifayile ezimbalwa umntu azifunayo. Ukubaluleka "kokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga" kuphakanyiswa ngakumbi xa inani ledatha lisanda kwaye liba likhulu njengoko kunciphisa inani lokulandelelanisa ekufuneka kwenziwe. Yeyokuqala ngqa ukuba ukufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga kuboniswe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kangaka. Abaphandi bakwaphuhlise i-algorithm yokucacisa nokubuyisela idatha ngokufanelekileyo ngokunyamezela iimpazamo zedatha okwenza inkqubo yokulandelelanisa ikhawuleze. Ii-oligonucleotides ze-DNA ezenziweyo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-13 zifakwe kwikhowudi kolu phononongo, oluyidatha enobukhulu obuyi-200MB equka iifayile ezingama-35 (eziqulethe ividiyo, iaudio, imifanekiso kunye nombhalo) ezinobukhulu obuqala kwi-29KB ukuya kwi-44MB. Ezi fayile zifunyenwe ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphandle kweempazamo. Kwakhona, ababhali baye baqulunqa ii-algorithms ezintsha eziqinileyo nezinyamezela iimpazamo ekubhaleni nasekufundeni ulandelelwano lwe-DNA. Olu phononongo lupapashwe kwi- Nature Biotechnology kwinkqubela phambili enkulu ebonisa inkqubo esebenzayo, enkulu yokugcina nokukhupha i-DNA.
Inkqubo yokugcina i-DNA ibukeka inomtsalane kakhulu kuba inobuninzi bedatha, uzinzo oluphezulu kwaye kulula ukuyigcina kodwa ngokucacileyo inemingeni emininzi ngaphambi kokuba yamkelwe kwihlabathi liphela. Zimbalwa izinto ezibangela ukuba i-DNA (ulandelelwano) ichazwe ixesha elide kunye nomsebenzi omninzi kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe- DNA . Le ndlela ifuna ukuchaneka ngakumbi kunye nokugubungela ngokubanzi. Nangona kwenziwe inkqubela phambili kule ndawo, ifomathi echanekileyo apho idatha iya kugcinwa khona kwixesha elide njengoko i-DNA isatshintsha. IMicrosoft ithembise ukuphucula imveliso ye-DNA yokwenziwa kunye nokujongana nemingeni yokuyila inkqubo yokugcina i-DNA esebenza ngokupheleleyo ngo-2020.
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Umthombo (s)
1. U-Erlich Y kunye noZielinski D 2017. I-DNA Fountain ivumela uyilo lokugcina oluqinileyo nolusebenzayo. Isayensi. 355(6328). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj2038
2. Orgaick L et al. 2018. Ukufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga kwindawo yokugcina idatha ye-DNA enkulu. I-Nature Biotechnology. 36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4079
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