Abaphandi baye baphuhlisa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo eyenziweyo ekwaziyo ukucubungula ulwazi olufana nolomzimba womntu kwaye inokunika imvakalelo yokuchukumisa amalungu angengowamvelo.
Ulusu lwethu, elona lungu lomzimba likhulu, likwalelona libalulekileyo njengoko ligquma umzimba wethu wonke, lilawula ubushushu bomzimba wethu kwaye liyasikhusela kwizinto eziyingozi zangaphandle ezifana nelanga, amaqondo obushushu angaqhelekanga, iintsholongwane njalo njalo. Ulusu lwethu lunokolula ngokuphawulekayo kwaye luyakwazi ukuzilungisa. Ulusu nalo lubalulekile kuba lusinika imvakalelo yokuchukumisa esikwaziyo ukwenza izigqibo ngayo. Ulusu luyinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokubona kunye nokubonakalisa umqondiso kuthi.
Kwisifundo esipapashwe kwiSayensi , abaphandi abakhokelwa nguNjingalwazi uZhenan Bao kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford nakwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseSeoul baphuhlise inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yokwenziwa enokuba linyathelo elikhulu ekudaleni "ulusu lokwenziwa" lwamalungu e-prosthetics anokubuyisela imvakalelo kwaye asebenze njengesigqubuthelo sesikhumba esiqhelekileyo. Inkalo enzima kolu phononongo yayikukuba singalingisa njani ngempumelelo ulusu lwethu oluneempawu ezahlukeneyo. Uphawu olunzima kakhulu ukuluxelisa yindlela ulusu lwethu olusebenza ngayo njengenethiwekhi yeemvakalelo ekrelekrele eqala ngokudlulisela iimvakalelo engqondweni kwaye ikwayalela izihlunu zethu ukuba zisabele nge-reflex ukuze zenze izigqibo ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, ukucofa kubangela ukuba izihlunu ze-elbow zoluleke, kwaye ii-sensors kwezi zihlunu zithumela i-impulse ebuchosheni nge-neuron. I-neuron emva koko ithumela uthotho lwemiqondiso kwi-synapses efanelekileyo. Inethiwekhi ye-synaptic emzimbeni wethu iyayiqonda indlela yokolula ngequbuliso kwimisipha kwaye ithumela imiqondiso emibini ngaxeshanye. Isignali enye ibangela ukuba izihlunu ze-elbow zinciphe njenge-reflex kwaye isignali yesibini iya engqondweni ukuze ixelele ngale mvakalelo. Olu landelelwano lwesiganeko luphela lusenzeka phantse kwisiqingatha sesekhondi. Ukulinganisa ezi nkqubo zemithambo-luvo ezintsonkothileyo zebhayoloji kuquka zonke izinto ezisebenzayo kuthungelwano lwee-neurons kusengumngeni.
Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo eyodwa “elinganisa” eyona nyani
Abaphandi benze inkqubo eyahlukileyo ye-sensory never enokuphinda indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo ye-nervous yomntu. "I-artificial nerve circuit" eyilwe ngabaphandi idibanisa izinto ezintathu kwiphepha elithe tyaba neliguquguqukayo elinomlinganiselo weesentimitha ezimbalwa. Ezi zinto zichazwe ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphambili. Icandelo lokuqala yi-touch sensor enokuqaphela amandla kunye noxinzelelo (nokuba zincinci). Le sensor (eyenziwe ngee -organic polymers, ii-carbon nanotubes kunye nee-electrodes zegolide) ithumela imiqondiso ngecandelo lesibini, i-flexible electronic neuron. Zombini ezi zinto ziyinguqulelo eziphuculweyo neziphuculweyo zento eyaphuhliswa ngabaphandi abafanayo ngaphambili. Imiqondiso ye-sensory eveliswayo kwaye idluliselwe kwezi zinto zimbini ihanjiswa kwicandelo lesithathu, i-synaptic transistor yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngendlela efana nee-synapses zomntu ebuchotsheni. Zonke ezi zinto zintathu kufuneka zisebenze ngokubambisana kwaye zibonise ukuba umsebenzi wokugqibela yayiyeyona nto inzima. I-synapses yokwenyani yebhayoloji idlulisela imiqondiso kwaye igcina ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze kuthathwe izigqibo. Le transistor ye-synaptic "yenza" le misebenzi ngokuhambisa imiqondiso ye-elektroniki kwi-synaptic transistor ngokusebenzisa i-artificial nerve circuit. Ngoko ke, le nkqubo yokwenziwa ifunda ukuqonda nokusabela kwiimpembelelo zeemvakalelo ngokusekelwe kubunzulu kunye nokuphindaphindeka kwemiqondiso yamandla aphantsi, kanye indlela i-synapse yebhayoloji enokuyenza ngayo emzimbeni ophilayo. Into entsha yolu phononongo kukuba la macandelo mathathu aziwayo ngaphambili adityaniswe ngempumelelo okokuqala ukuze anike inkqubo edibeneyo.
Abaphandi bavavanya ukukwazi kwale nkqubo ukwenza i-reflexes kunye nemvakalelo yokuchukumisa. Kolunye uvavanyo bancamathisela imithambo-luvo yabo eyenziweyo kumlenze wamaphela baza bafaka uxinzelelo oluncinane kwinzwa yabo yokuchukumisa. I-neuron ye-elektroniki iguqule isignali ye-sensor kwiimpawu zedijithali kwaye idlulise nge-synaptic transistor. Oku kubangele ukuba umlenze wephela uxhuzule ngokusekelwe kuxinzelelo lokwenyuka okanye ukwehla kwesivamvo sokuchukumisa. Ke, oku kuseto lokwenziwa ngokuqinisekileyo kusebenze i-twitch reflex. Kuvavanyo lwesibini, abaphandi babonise isakhono se-nerve eyenziweyo ekufumaneni iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo zokuchukumisa ngokukwazi ukwahlula oonobumba beBraille. Kolunye uvavanyo baqengqele i-cylinder phezu kwenzwa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye bakwazi ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo ulwalathiso oluchanekileyo lwentshukumo. Ke, esi sixhobo siyakwazi ukuphucula ukuqondwa kwento kunye nokucokiseka kolwazi olubambekayo olufana nokuqaphela ukuthungwa, ukufundwa kwe-braille kunye nokwahlula imiphetho yezinto.
Ikamva le-artificial sensory system system
Le teknoloji yemithambo-luvo ikwinqanaba lakwangoko kwaye ayikafikeleli kwinqanaba elintsonkothileyo elifunekayo kodwa inike ithemba elikhulu lokudala izigqubuthelo zolusu ezenziweyo. Kucacile ukuba "izigqubuthelo" ezinjalo ziya kufuna izixhobo zokubona ukushisa, ukungcangcazela, uxinzelelo kunye namanye amandla kunye neemvakalelo. Kufuneka babe nesakhono esilungileyo sokungeniswa kwiisekethe eziguquguqukayo ukuze babe nokunxibelelana nengqondo. Ukulinganisa ulusu lwethu, isixhobo kufuneka sibe nokudibanisa ngakumbi kunye nokusebenza okuya kwenza ukuba sizinze kwaye sithembeke.
Le teknoloji yemithambo-luvo inokuba luncedo kwiprosthetics kunye nokubuyisela ukuziva kwabo banqunyulwe imilenze. Izixhobo zokufakelwa ziphucuke kakhulu apha enyakeni kunye neteknoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D ekhoyo kunye neenkqubo zerobhothi eziphendulayo. Ngaphandle kolu hlaziyo, uninzi lwezixhobo ezifakelweyo ezikhoyo namhlanje kufuneka zilawulwe ngendlela erhabaxa kakhulu njengoko zingaboneleli ngojongano olwanelisayo nengqondo ngenxa yokungadibanisi ubucukubhede benkqubo enkulu yemithambo-luvo yomntu. Isixhobo asiniki ngxelo kwaye ngaloo ndlela isigulane siziva singanelisekanga kwaye sibalahle ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva. I-teknoloji ye-nerve yokwenziwa okunjalo xa ifakwe ngempumelelo kwi-prosthetics iya kuhambisa ulwazi oluchukumisayo kubasebenzisi kwaye iya kunceda ukubonelela izigulane ngamava angcono. Esi sixhobo linyathelo elikhulu elibhekiselele ekwenzeni uthungelwano lwe-neural olufana nolusu lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngokunika amandla e-reflex kunye nemvakalelo yokuchukumisa.
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Umthombo (s)
UYeongin K et al. 2018. I-bioinspired flexible organic afferent nerve. Isayensi . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0098
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