I-NASA Imema i-ISRO ukuba ijoyine iNkqubo yeMoon Base

I-NASA imeme i-ISRO (i-Indian Space Research Organisation) ukuba ijoyine "inkqubo yayo ye-Moon Base" phantsi kwe-Artemis Mission ukuze ihlangane kwimizamo ye-deep-space. Eli nyathelo lokwandisa intsebenziswano lilandela ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwe-NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission ngo-2025 kwaye yakha phezu kwentsebenziswano phantsi kwe-Artemis Accords eyayisayinwe yi-India ngaphambili ngomhla wama-21 kuJuni 2023. Amacala omabini avumile nokuqhubela phambili iingxoxo zentsebenziswano ekwabelaneni ngedatha yesayensi evulekileyo phantsi kwe-Accords.

Inkqubo yeMoon Base yenye yezinto ezintandathu ezibalulekileyo zeArtemis Moon Mission ejolise ekudaleni ubukho bomntu bexesha elide eNyangeni nasezijikeleze yona , kwaye ifunde izifundo zokulungiselela imisebenzi yabantu kunye neendawo zokuhlala eMars. Inkampu yesiseko kumphezulu wenyanga (equka ikhabhathi yanamhlanje, i-rover, kunye nekhaya elihambayo) iya kunika ii-astronauts indawo yokuhlala nokusebenza eNyangeni, enye into esezulwini.

I-Artemis Base Camp icwangciselwe kummandla we-South Pole enyangeni. Oku kungenxa yokuba ii-craters ezihlala zigqunywe ngumthunzi kule ndawo ziyaziwa ngokuba nomkhenkce wamanzi ovalelweyo onokusetyenziselwa ukusela amanzi kunye ne-rocket fuel. Kwakhona, ezinye iincopho eziphakamileyo kunye neenduli kulo mmandla zifumana ukukhanya kwelanga okuhlala kusenzeka kwaye zinokusebenza njengomthombo othembekileyo wamandla elanga.

Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, i-ISRO’s lunar landerer Vikram of Chandrayaan-3 mission yafika ngokukhuselekileyo ngomhla wama-23 ku-Agasti 2023 kumphezulu wenyanga ophakamileyo kufutshane neSouth Pole yeNyanga. Olu yayilulokuqala uhambo lwenyanga kwimbali yoluntu ukufika kummandla we-polar osemazantsi malunga ne-69.36°S latitude kunye ne-32.34°E longitude, apho ubukho bamanzi/umkhenkce buqinisekiswa khona. Indawo yokufikela kamva yabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuba yi-"Shiv Shakti Point".

Inkqubo ye-Artemis Mission kunye neMoon Base 

Phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane emva kweApollo Moon Missions, iNASA iqalise iArtemis Moon Mission enebhongo. Yinkqubo yentsebenziswano yeNASA neEuropean Space Agency (ESA) kunye neCanadian Space Agency (CSA) kwaye ineenjongo ezintathu – ukufumanisa isayensi, iingenelo zoqoqosho, kunye nokuphefumlelwa kwesizukulwana esitsha. Amacandelo amathandathu alo msebenzi ngala:

1. Inqwelo-moya yase-Orion: Isithuthi sokuhlola esiya kuthwala abasebenzi ukuya emajukujukwini, sinikezele ngexesha lokuphelelwa lixesha okungxamisekileyo, sixhase abasebenzi ngexesha lohambo kwaye sinike ithuba lokungena kwakhona eMhlabeni ngokukhuselekileyo.  
2. Irokhethi yeNkqubo yokuQalisa iSithuba (SLS): Irokhethi ethwala ubunzima eya kukhupha isiphekepheke sase-Orion. 
3. IiNkqubo zeGround Ground (EGS): ziya kuxhasa ukusungulwa kunye nokubuyiselwa koosomajukujuku ababuyayo. 
4. Isango: inqwelo-moya esemoyeni ejikeleza inyanga eya kusebenza njengeqela lemisebenzi emininzi ejikeleza iNyanga apho oosomajukujuku baya kuhamba phakathi kweOrion kunye nomhambisi. Oku kuya kubonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo yokubuyela komntu kumphezulu wenyanga ixesha elide.  
5. Inkqubo Yokumisa Abantu: ULander uza kuthatha oosomajukujuku ukusuka kwiGateway ekujikelezeni kwenyanga ukuya kumphezulu weNyanga aze abuyele kwiGateway ekujikelezeni. 
6. Inkampu yaseArtemis Base: iza kusebenza njengekhaya nendawo yokusebenzela yabasebenzi abane abakwii-astronaut phezu kweNyanga kangangeentsuku ezingama-30-60. Oku kuya kwenza abasebenzi bakwazi ukuhlala eNyangeni ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezimbini ngexesha. 

I-Artemis I, uvavanyo lokubhabha olungenabasebenzi, olokuqala kuthotho lwemisebenzi ka-Artemis enzima ngakumbi eNyangeni, yaqaliswa nge-16 kaNovemba 2022 kwaye yaba yimpumelelo. Oku kwavula indlela yempumelelo yendiza eqhutywa ngabasebenzi i-Artemis II eyaqaliswa nge-1 ka-Epreli 2026. I-Artemis III icwangciselwe ekupheleni kuka-2027. I-Artemis IV ecwangciselwe ekuqaleni kuka-2028 iya kuba nokufika kokuqala enyangeni kwenkqubo ye-Artemis. 

Inkqubo yokuhlala kwabantu yenkqubo yeNyanga yinkalo ephambili yomsebenzi wokuphila ixesha elide esibhakabhakeni esinzulu. Oku kubalulekile kumsebenzi wexesha elizayo ukuya eMars. Indawo yokuhlala yoThutho icingelwa imisebenzi yexesha elide. Indawo yokuhlala yabantu ezinzileyo phezu kweNyanga yinjongo enomdla kakhulu ngenxa yemingeni eyahlukileyo ebangelwa yimeko-bume yenyanga kunye nokude kakhulu noMhlaba. 

Izivumelwano ze-Artemis

Inkqubo yenyanga yeArtemis (equka inkqubo yeMoon Base) isebenza ngokuhambelana neArtemis Agreements. 

Isivumelwano sika-Artemis, esasekwa ngo-2020, sijolise ekuhloleni ngoxolo indawo enzulu. Sibonelela ngemigaqo ekhokelayo kunye nesakhelo solawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe kumazwe asebenzisana nawo abandakanyeka ekuhloleni indawo ekwinyanga nakwindawo yoluntu. 

I-India lilizwe elityikitye iSivumelwano saseArtemis. Lasayina iSivumelwano ngomhla wama-21 kuJuni 2023. Nangona kunjalo, ukusayina iSivumelwano saseArtemis akumenzi umntu abe lilungu ngokuzenzekelayo. Isimemo se-NASA sangoku kwi-ISRO sokujoyina "inkqubo yayo yeSiseko seNyanga" sijolise ekwenzeni i-India ibe lilungu elisebenzayo, njengoko i-European Space Agency (ESA) kunye ne-Canadian Space Agency (CSA) sele zinjalo. 

Amazwe angamashumi asixhenxe atyikitye iArtemis Agreements ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iMauritius ibe ^yi-70th signer ngomhla we-17 kweyeKhala ngo-2026. I-Australia, iKhanada, i-Itali, iJapan, i-UAE, i-UK, i-USA, iSouth Korea, i-Israel, iFrance, i-India, iJamani, iSpain, njl.njl. zezinye zezizwe ezibalulekileyo ezityikitye iArtemis Agreements. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe amaninzi awazange ajoyine iArtemis Agreements.

Isikhululo seeNgqobhoko saMazwe ngaMazwe (i-ISS) ngumzekelo omhle wentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kwicandelo letekhnoloji yezendawo. Intsebenziswano ye-ISS yasayinwa ngo-1998 yi-United States, iRashiya, iKhanada, iJapan, kunye namazwe alishumi elinanye aseYurophu. IRashiya ityikitye kwaye ithatha inxaxheba kwi-ISS kodwa iTshayina ayizange ikhutshwe eyathi yaqhubeka nokwakha isikhululo sayo seeNgqobhoko saseTiangong. 

I-China iphumelele uthotho lweenkqubo zokuhlola isithuba ukususela ekuqalisweni komsebenzi weChang'E-1 ngo-2007 (umzekelo, i-Chandrayaan-1 ye-ISRO yaqaliswa ngo-2008). Ukususela ngoko, i-China ibonakalise inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu lezakhono zobuchwepheshe besithuba. I-Russia njengendlalifa ye-Soviet Union yangaphambili, ligunya elimiselweyo lesithuba. 

Xa kufikwa kwinkqubo yenyanga, iTshayina neRashiya bakhethe ukwenza intsebenziswano eyahlukileyo yamazwe ngamazwe yokuhlola inyanga. IRashiya, iTshayina kunye namanye amazwe awasayini iSivumelwano sika-Artemis.

ISITOLO SOPHANDO LWE-LUNAR SAMAZWE NGAMAZWE (ILRS)

Ngomhla wesi-9 kweyoKwindla ngo-2021, i-China National Space Administration (CNSA) kunye ne-ROSCOSMOS yaseRashiya batyikitye isivumelwano ngokusesikweni kwaye kwazalwa intsebenziswano ye-Lunar Station International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). Eli phulo lidibeneyo le-China ne-Russia lijolise ekwakheni isiseko esihlala sihleli se-robotic kunye nesomntu eNyangeni. 

Ngaphandle kwamazwe amabini aseke iRashiya neTshayina, amazwe alishumi elinanye, oko kukuthi, iVenezuela, uMzantsi Afrika, iAzerbaijan, iPakistan, iBelarus, iYiputa, iThailand, iNicaragua, iSerbia, iKazakhstan kunye neSenegal, atyikitye i-ILRS ukususela ngo-2026. ITurkey ifake isicelo kwaye ilindele ukusayina. Ukongeza, i-Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL) yaseTshayina ityikitye izivumelwano zokusebenzisana nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe engaphezu kwama-50, iiyunivesithi kunye namaziko ophando. 

Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, iThailand, iSerbia kunye neSenegal zityikitye zombini iArtemis Agreements kunye neInternational Lunar Research Station (ILRS). Oku kungenxa yokwahluka kwiingcamango ezisisiseko zentsebenziswano ezimbini - iArtemis Agreements ibonelela ngemigaqo yokuzithandela kumazwe okuhlola indawo ngoxolo. Ubambiswano lweprojekthi lulungiselelo olwahlukileyo, umzekelo, iNASA imeme i-ISRO ukuba ijoyine inkqubo yeMoon Base. Kwelinye icala, iTshayina neRashiya zikhokele ubulungu beInternational Lunar Research Station (ILRS) kukubambisana ngokuthe ngqo kweprojekthi yokwakha iziseko zokuhlala kwabantu phezu kobuso benyanga. 

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Ucaphulo 

1. ISRO. Isaziso seendaba – Intlanganiso ye-India – US Civil Space Joint Working Group kwi-ISRO Headquarters, eBengaluru. 12 Agasti 2026. Iyafumaneka apha https://www.isro.gov.in/India_US_Civil_Space_Joint_meeting_at_ISRO.html
2. Ii-Embassy zaseMelika kunye neeConsulates in eIndiya. Ingxelo yeendaba – Iqela Elidibeneyo Lokusebenza Leendawo Zoluntu laseIndiya nelase-US Liqhubela Phambili Intsebenziswano Yeendawo Zoluntu Nezorhwebo. 11 Agasti 2026. Iyafumaneka apha https://in.usembassy.gov/india-u-s-civil-space-joint-working-group-advances-civil-and-commercial-space-cooperation/
3. I-NASA. Izivumelwano zeArtemis. Ziyafumaneka apha  https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-accords/
4. I-NASA. Isiseko seNyanga. Iyafumaneka apha https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase/
5. I-NASA. Malunga – Isiseko seNyanga. Iyafumaneka apha https://www.nasa.gov/reference/moonbase-about/
6. I-NASA. Isikhululo sasemajukujukwini samazwe ngamazwe (ISS). Ifumaneka apha https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/
7. I-CNSA. Isikhokelo seSikhululo soPhando lweLunar International (ILRS) soBudlelwane. 16 Juni 2021. Sifumaneka apha https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6812150/content.html
8. Wu X., 2023. Isikhululo soPhando lweNyanga saMazwe ngaMazwe: Ixesha elitsha laseTshayina leNtsebenziswano yeSithuba kunye neNdima yalo eNtsha kuMyalelo wezoMthetho weSithuba. Umgaqo-nkqubo weSithuba uMqulu 65, Agasti 2023, 101537. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2022.101537
9. UXu L., nabanye. Intshayelelo emfutshane kwiNkqubo yeSitishi soPhando lweLunar saMazwe ngaMazwe kunye ne-Interstellar Express Mission[J]. Ijenali yesiTshayina yeSayensi yeSithuba, 2022, 42(4): 511-513. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.11728/cjss2022.04.yg28

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Amanqaku afanelekileyo: 

1. I-NISAR: I-Radar eNtsha kwi-Space ye-Precision Mapping of Earth   (7 Agasti 2025) 
2. Isikhululo seSithuba saseGateway seLunar sase-'Artemis Mission': I-UAE iza kubonelela nge-Airlock   (8 Januwari 2024)
3. Umdyarho weNyanga 2.0: Yintoni eqhuba umdla ohlaziyiweyo kwimishini yenyanga?  (27 Agasti 2023)
4. Umdyarho weLunar: I-Chandrayaan 3 yaseIndiya iphumeza isakhono sokufika ngokuthambileyo  (23 Agasti 2023) 
5. Ukupheliswa koBuninzi kwimbali yoBomi: Ukubaluleka kweNyanga yeArtemis yeNASA kunye noKhuseleko lwePlanethi yeDART Missions  (23 Agasti 2022) 
6. I-Artemis Moon Mission: NgakwiNdawo eNzulu yokuHlala kwabantu  (11 Agasti 2022) 

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