Umngxuma Omnyama Ongadalwanga Kwi-Stellar Collapse 

Umngxuma omnyama kwiLittle Red Dot (LRD) u-Abell 2744-QSO1 owabonwa yi-JWST kwindalo yonke yakudala (malunga ne-700 Myr emva kweBig Bang) ngumngxuma omnyama omkhulu okhule waya kubukhulu bawo bangoku ngaphandle komngxuma omkhulu kakhulu wokuwondla. Ngokwemodeli eqhelekileyo yokuvela kweenkwenkwezi, imingxunya emnyama yakhiwa ekufeni kweenkwenkwezi ezinkulu ekupheleni kwendlela yazo yobomi xa ziphelelwa ngamandla ngenxa yokuwa kwentloko yeenkwenkwezi. Le mingxunya imnyama ikhula ngobukhulu itya izinto ezivela kumngxuma omkhulu kakhulu. Umngxuma omnyama weLittle Red Dot QSO1 awufanelani nale freyimu kwaye yinto entsha. Yenziwe ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokuvela kweenkwenkwezi eziqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ayisiyonto iseleyo yokuwa kwentloko kwenkwenkwezi enkulu efayo. Endaweni yoko, mhlawumbi ngumngxuma omnyama othe ngqo (DCBH) okanye umngxuma omnyama wokuqala (PBH). Imingxunya emnyama engadalwanga kukuwa kweenkwenkwezi yayicingelwa ngaphambili. Olu bubungqina bomngxuma omnyama owenziwe ngenkqubo engaphaya kokuvela kweenkwenkwezi eziqhelekileyo.

Yenziwa njani imingxuma emnyama? Ngokwemodeli eqhelekileyo yokuguquka kweenkwenkwezi, imingxuma emnyama yimveliso yokugqibela yokuguquka kweenkwenkwezi ezinkulu. Iinkwenkwezi ziyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. 

Ubomi benkwenkwezi buqala emafini amakhulu egesi kunye nothuli kwi-galaxy ngokuxinana kweegesi ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi ukuya kwiipokotho ezinoxinano oluphezulu. Amaqoqo aqokelela izinto ezininzi aze akhule. Ngaxa lithile, amaqoqo ayawa ngenxa yokwanda kwamandla angaphakathi adonsela phantsi. Ukungqubana ngexesha lokuwa kuyayitshisa into kwaye kuzalwe inkwenkwezi encinci. Eli linqanaba leenkwenkwezi kumjikelo wobomi beenkwenkwezi. Ukuwa kwezinto ezinamandla adonsela phantsi kuyaqhubeka ngakumbi okukhokelela ekunyukeni kancinci kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo embindini we-protostar. Ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo ziba phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ii-nuclei ze-hydrogen ukuba zihlangane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenyukliya kukhupha amandla amaninzi afudumeza into ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukuwohloka okungakumbi phantsi kobunzima obugqithisileyo. Eli 'linqanaba eliphambili lolandelelwano' lwenkwenkwezi. I-hydrogen yipetroli ephambili. 

Xa ipetroli iphela, i-nuclear fusion iyayeka kwaye akukho mandla okufudumeza izinto ukuze kulinganiswe amandla angaphakathi omxhuzulane kwaye umongo uyawa, kushiyeke intsalela encinci. Esi sisiphelo senkwenkwezi. Inkwenkwezi efileyo okanye intsalela encinci ingaba yi-white dwarf, okanye inkwenkwezi ye-neutron, okanye umngxuma omnyama kuxhomekeke kubunzima benkwenkwezi yokuqala. Iinkwenkwezi ezinobunzima obungaphezu kwama-20 elanga (>20 M⦿) ziba yimingxuma emnyama ekupheleni kokuguquka kweenkwenkwezi xa ipetroli iphela. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo - iinkwenkwezi kunye neegalaksi zenziwa kuqala, kwaye imingxunya emnyama yenziwa kamva njengesigaba sokugqibela sokuguquka kweenkwenkwezi. Ubunzima bemingxuma emnyama enjalo buncinci kakhulu kunobunzima begalaksi iyonke.

Ukwakheka kwemingxuma emnyama okungeyonkanyezi

Ngaba imingxunya emnyama inokwenziwa ngezinye iindlela ngaphandle kokuwa kwentloko yeenkwenkwezi? Kuye kwaveliswa imijelo emibini yokwakheka "engeyiyo iinkwenkwezi". 

Kwindalo yonke yakudala, ilifu elikhulu legesi eliphambili linokuwela ngqo emngxunyeni omnyama, lidlule ukwakheka kweenkwenkwezi okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuguquka kwazo, nto leyo ebangela oko sikubiza ngokuba yiDirect Collapse Black Holes (DCBHs). Eminye imingxunya emnyama ecingelwayo eyenziwe ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kokuguquka kweenkwenkwezi okuqhelekileyo yiPrimordial black holes (PBHs). IiPBH zizinto ezisele zeBig Bang ezenziwe kukuguquguquka okukhulu koxinano lwendalo yonke yakudala emva nje kweBig Bang. 

Imingxunya emnyama eyenziwe ngemijelo "engengoweenkwenkwezi" ithathwa njengengcamango nje, ngoko ke ayiyongcamango. Kodwa izinto zaqala ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza xa kwaqaliswa i-JWST ngoDisemba ka-2021, indawo yokujongisisa isithuba ene-infrared eyayizinikele ekufundeni indalo yakudala.

I-James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) iguqula uphando lwendalo yamandulo 

I-JWST yenze iingqwalasela ezininzi ezisibangela umngeni ekuqondeni kwethu indalo yamandulo. Ukujongwa kwe-JADES-GS-z14-0 galaxy kwi-redshift ye-14.32 nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yi-galaxy ekude kakhulu eyaziwayo. Le galaxy yadalwa kwindalo yamandulo malunga neminyaka eyi-290 yezigidi emva kweBig Bang, kodwa yi-galaxy enkulu, enkulu kwaye ekhanyayo kakhulu. Ikwafunyenwe ukuba ityebile ngesinyithi nto leyo ethetha ukuba izizukulwana zeenkwenkwezi ezinkulu bezisele zigqibile ubomi bazo ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekuqhumeni kwe-supernova malunga neminyaka eyi-290 yezigidi kwindalo yamandulo. Ngokufanayo, i-galaxy yokuqala ye-GS-NDG-9422 eqala malunga neminyaka eyi-bhiliyoni emva kokuba iBig Bang ifunyenwe iyinkimbinkimbi ngokweekhemikhali ngaphandle kweenkwenkwezi zePopulation III. Ngokokuqonda kwangoku, isizukulwana sokuqala seenkwenkwezi kwindalo yamandulo kufuneka sibe ziinkwenkwezi zePopulation III ezingenasinyithi. (Kwi-astronomy, nayiphi na into enzima kune-helium ithathwa njengesinyithi. Iikhemikhali ezingezizo iisinyithi ezifana ne-oxygen, i-nitrogen njl.njl. ziisinyithi kwimeko ye-cosmological. Iinkwenkwezi zifumana isinyithi esityebileyo kwisizukulwana ngasinye emva kwesiganeko se-supernova). 

I-JWST ikwabone imingxunya emnyama emikhulu kakhulu kwindalo yonke yakudala. Omnye umngxunya omnyama onjalo wawumalunga neminyaka eyi-700 yezigidi emva kweBig Bang kwaye wawulinganisa malunga nezigidi ezimbalwa zobunzima beLanga. Konke kwaqala nge-JWST ibona amachaphaza abomvu amancinci (ii-LRD) aqatshelwe kwingxelo yokuqala yedatha ye-JWST ngo-2022. Ezi zinto zibomvu zincinci zazine-spectra ezimile okwe-V kwaye zabonisa ukukhutshwa yigesi ye-hydrogen enesantya esiphezulu. 

I-Little Red Dot QSO1 (okanye u-Abell2744-QSO1) 

I-QSO1 (okanye i-Abell2744-QSO1) yi-prototypical Little Red Dot emalunga neminyaka yokukhanya eyi-1,300 ububanzi kumgama ongaphezulu kweminyaka yokukhanya eyi-13 yeebhiliyoni. Yayikho kwindalo yonke yakudala kwiminyaka eyi-700 yezigidi emva kweBig Bang. Ijongwa ngeliso lomxhuzulane yiqela le-galaxy i-Abell 2744 (iqela likaPandora), yiyo loo nto ikhuliswe kwaye inemifanekiso emithathu, ibonakala kwiindawo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo esibhakabhakeni. Ngenxa yoko, i-QSO1 kulula ukuyifunda kunezinye ii-Little Red Dots ezininzi. 

Uphononongo oluneenkcukacha ngale Little Red Dot (LRD) lukhokelele abaphandi ekubeni bagqibe kwelokuba eminye imingxunya emnyama emikhulu yayimikhulu kwasekuqaleni. Yadalwa ngaphandle kwesigaba sokuwa kweenkwenkwezi kwaye ingenalo igalaksi enkulu kakhulu yokuyondla. 

I-QSO imele iQuasi-Stellar Object (ebizwa ngokuba yi-quasar). 

Izifundo zokuqala zityhile ukuba i-QSO1 ingaphezulu nje kwelifu le-hydrogen ekhazimlayo kunye negesi ye-helium ejikeleza umngxuma omnyama omkhulu kakhulu malunga ne-40 yezigidi zobunzima beLanga. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho ukungaqiniseki malunga nokuba yayinkulu kangakanani na. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngaphambili, zonke izilinganiso zobunzima bemingxuma emnyama kwindalo yakuqala bezingakhange zingqale, ngokusekelwe kwiingqikelelo ezivela kwinto esiyaziyo ngazo kwindalo yasekuhlaleni. Besingazi ukuba ezo ngqikelelo ziyasebenza na kwindalo yasekuqaleni. 

Abaphandi baqaphele ukuba ukuba umngxuma omnyama we-QSO1 mkhulu kangako, kufuneka bakwazi ukusebenzisa i-integral field unit (IFU) kwi-JWST ukulandelela imiphumo yomxhuzulane wayo kwigesi ejikelezayo, ngelixa bekwabonisa ukusasazwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwigesi. Ngenxa yoko, basebenzise ukuqwalaselwa kwe-IFU baza babonisa iintshukumo zegesi ye-hydrogen ejikeleze umngxuma omnyama. 

Isicwangciso sesantya sokujikeleza njengomgama ukusuka embindini sityhile ukuba igesi yayinentshukumo yeKeplerian nto leyo ethetha ukuba uninzi lobunzima beLittle Red Dot QSO1 buxinene kumngxuma omnyama embindini. Ukuba ubunzima bebusasazekile, igesi ibingayi kujikelezisa indawo ephakathi ngendlela efanelekileyo yeKeplerian ngendlela efanayo neeplanethi ezijikeleza iLanga kwinkqubo yelanga. 

Njengoko intshukumo kaKeplerian ilawulwa yimithetho yomxhuzulane, ukulinganiswa kwesantya segesi kwenza abaphandi bakwazi ukubala ubunzima bomngxuma omnyama ngokuthe ngqo. Olu yayiluvavanyo lokuqala oluthe ngqo lobunzima bomngxuma omnyama wendalo yonke. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba umngxuma omnyama we-QSO1 umalunga nezigidi ezingama-50 zemitha yelanga. Kwakhona, lo mngxuma omnyama zizibini kwisithathu sobunzima obupheleleyo be-QSO1. Oku kungaqhelekanga kakhulu kuba imingxunya emnyama emikhulu kakhulu kwimitha yegalaksi ekufutshane ngokubanzi yenza inxalenye encinci yobunzima obupheleleyo bomngxuma.

Ngaphezu koko, uhlalutyo lweemaphu zokwakheka kwe-IFU lubonise ukuba igesi kuyo yonke i-QSO1 phantse yonke yi-hydrogen kunye ne-helium. I-galaxy etyebileyo ngeenkwenkwezi kunye ne-star debris kufuneka ibe nezinto ezinzima njenge-oxygen, kodwa i-QSO1 inesinyithi esiphantsi kakhulu, ngaphantsi kwe-0.5% yeLanga, nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-QSO1 inendawo ecocekileyo kakhulu ye-galactic.

Ubunzima obukhulu be-QSO1 xa kuthelekiswa ne-galaxy yayo bubonisa ukuba akufuneki ukuba yakhiwe ngokudibana kancinci nokondla imingxuma emincinci emnyama eneenkwenkwezi. Kubonakala ngathi, umngxuma omnyama we-Little Red Dot QSO1 wangaphambi kwenkqubo yokuvela kweenkwenkwezi. Isenokuba yavela kwimbewu enzima eyakheka ngaphakathi komzuzwana wokuqala we-Big Bang (umngxuma omnyama wokuqala) okanye kamva emva kokuwa kwelifu elikhulu legesi (umngxuma omnyama wokuwa ngqo) kwaye isenokuba ikwinqanaba lokuqala lokwakha i-galaxy eyijikelezileyo. Akunakwenzeka okwangoku ukutsho ukuba umngxuma omnyama omkhulu we-Little Red Dot QSO1 ngumngxuma omnyama wokuqala (PBH) okanye ngumngxuma omnyama wokuwa ngqo (DCBH); nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina bokwakheka kwemingxuma emnyama engeyiyo iinkwenkwezi kwindalo yonke yokuqala.

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Iingxelo: 

1. UMaiolino R., okqhubekayo 2026. Umngxuma omnyama kwi-galaxy ephantse yacoceka i-700 Myr emva kokuqhuma okukhulu. Izaziso zeNyanga zeRoyal Astronomical Society, uMqulu 548, Inqaku loku-1, ngoMeyi 2026, staf2109. Ipapashwe nge-06 ku-Epreli 2026. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf2109
2. UJuodžbalis, I., uMarconcini, C., uD'Eugenio, F. et al. Umlinganiselo othe ngqo wobunzima bomngxuma omnyama kwichaphaza elincinci elibomvu kwi-redshift ephezulu. I-Nature 653, 1017–1021 (2026). Ipapashwe nge-27 kaMeyi 2026. I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10579-4
3. I-Webb ye-NASA ityhila uMngxuma Omnyama Owabakho Ngaphambi Kwe-Galaxy Yayo. Iposiwe nge-27 kaMeyi 2026. Iyafumaneka apha https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-reveals-black-hole-that-formed-before-its-galaxy/

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Amanqaku afanelekileyo 

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