Ukufuna iimpendulo kwimibuzo evulekileyo (efana nokuba, ngawaphi amasuntswana asisiseko enza izinto ezimnyama, kutheni izinto zilawula indalo iphela kwaye kutheni kukho i-matter-antimatter asymmetry, yintoni isuntswana lamandla omxhuzulane, amandla amnyama, ubunzima be-neutrino njl.njl. ubukho bamasuntswana amatsha, anobunzima obungaphaya kokufikelela kwindawo ekhoyo ye-LHC. I-Future Circular Collider (FCC) ecetywayo iya kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukukhangela ubukho baloo masuntswana asisiseko ngaphaya koMfanekiso oMgangatho. IBhunga le-CERN ngoku liphonononge ingxelo yoPhononongo lokweNzeka kweFCC. Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokwakhiwa kwe-FCC yi-CERN Council kulindeleke malunga no-2028. Ukuba kuvunyiwe, ukwakhiwa kwe-FCC kunokuqalisa ngo-2030s. Kuya kuba malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 kumjikelezo omi malunga neemitha ezingama-200 ngaphantsi komhlaba kufuphi nendawo efanayo ne-LHC kufuphi ne-Geneva. Iya kuphumelela i-Large Hadron Collider (LHC), eya kufikelela ekupheleni kwayo yokusebenza kwi-2041. I-FCC iya kuphunyezwa kwizigaba ezimbini. Inqanaba lokuqala, i-FCC-ee iya kuba yi-electron-positron collider yemilinganiselo echanekileyo malunga nokukhangela amasuntswana alula, okuya kunika inkqubo yophando lwe-15 yeminyaka ukusuka ekupheleni kwe-2040s. Ekugqityweni kwesi sigaba, umatshini wesibini, i-FCC-hh (amandla aphezulu), uya kuthunyelwa kwi-tunnel efanayo. Inqanaba lesibini lijolise ekufikeleleni kumandla ongquzulwano lwe-100 TeV (ngaphezulu kakhulu kune-13 TeV ye-LHC) ekukhangeleni amasuntswana anzima ngakumbi. Eli nqanaba liza kusebenza ngo-2070 kwaye liya kuqhubeka kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-21.
Nge-6-7 Novemba 2025, iBhunga le-CERN (elibandakanya abathunywa abavela kwiLungu le-CERN kunye naMazwe angamaLungu aManyeneyo) liye laphonononga iziphumo zoPhononongo lokweNzeka lwe-Future Circular Collider (FCC) ecetywayo.
Ngaphambili, i-CERN yenze uphando lokuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kweFuture Circular Collider (FCC) ngokusebenzisana namaziko akwiLungu le-CERN kunye naMazwe angamaLungu aManyeneyo nangaphaya. Ingxelo yakhutshwa ngomhla wama-31 kweyoKwindla ngowama-2025 eyathi yaphononongwa ngamaqumrhu angaphantsi e-CERN Council. Ingxelo iphinde yaphononongwa ziikomiti zeengcaphephe ezizimeleyo, ezithi iFCC ibonakala inokwenzeka ngokobugcisa ngokusekelwe kumaxwebhu anikiweyo.
Abathunywa be-CERN Council ngoku baphonononge ingxelo yoPhononongo lokweNzeka ye-FCC ngomhla wesi-6 ukuya kumhla wesi-7 kuNovemba ka-2025 kwintlanganiso ezinikeleyo kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba uPhononongo lokweNzeka lubonelela ngesiseko sokuba izifundo zeFCC ziqhubeke. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo elikhokelela ekuvunyweni okunokwenzeka kweFCC liBhunga leCERN ngoMeyi 2026 xa zonke iingcebiso ziya kunikwa phambi kwayo ukuba ziqwalaselwe. Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokwakhiwa kweFCC liBhunga leCERN kulindeleke malunga nowama-2028.
I-Future Circular Collider (FCC) yenye yeendlela ezicetywayo zokungqubana kwamasuntswana e-CERN. Kulindeleke ukuba iphumelele i-Large Hadron Collider (LHC), eya kufikelela ekupheleni kwayo yokusebenza ngo-2041. I-CERN ngoku isebenza ukuchonga i-collider elandelayo ukuze iphumelele i-LHC eyi-workhorse ye-CERN yangoku.
Igunyaziswe ngo-2008, i-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) yingqukuva ejikelezayo enokulinganisa i-27-km kwi-circumference kwaye ikwi-100 m ngaphantsi komhlaba kufuphi ne-Geneva. Ngoku, yeyona ngqukuva inkulu kwaye inamandla ehlabathini eyenza ukungqubana kumandla e-13 teraelectronvolts (TeV) elona gunya liphezulu ekufikelelwe kulo sisishukumisi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ikhawulezisa i-hadrons ukuya kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya, emva koko ingqubane nayo ilinganisa iimeko zendalo yokuqala.
| I-Accelerators/Ii-Colliders ziifestile eziya kwi-Universe yamandulo |
| “Indalo yamandulo” ibhekisela kwisigaba sokuqala sendalo iphela (imizuzu emithathu yokuqala kamsinya nje emva kweBig Bang) xa kwakushushu ngokugqithisileyo yaye indalo iphela yayilawulwa ngokupheleleyo yimitha. I-Plank epoch lithuba lokuqala le-radiation era yathatha iBig Bang ukuya kwi-10.-43 s. Ngobushushu be1032 K, indalo iphela ibishushu kakhulu ngeli xesha. Ixesha lePlanck lalandelwa yiQuark, Lepton, kunye neNyukliya epochs; zonke zaye zahlala ixesha elifutshane kodwa zaziphawulwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu awathi ngokuthe ngcembe ancipha njengoko indalo iphela yayisanda. Ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo kwesi sigaba sokuqala sendalo iphela akunakwenzeka. Into enokwenziwa kukudala kwakhona iimeko zesi sigaba sendalo iphela kwii-particle accelerators. Idatha eveliswa ngokungqubuzana kwamasuntswana kwi-accelerators / colliders inikezela ngefestile engathanga ngqo kwi-earlyuniverse. IiColliders zizixhobo zophando ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-particle physics. Ezi zisetyhula okanye oomatshini bomgca abakhawulezisa amasuntswana ukuya kwisantya esiphezulu kakhulu kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya kwaye abavumele ukuba bangqubane kwelinye isuntswana elivela kwelinye icala okanye ngokuchasene nethagethi. Ungquzulwano luvelisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokugqithisileyo ngokolandelelwano lweetriliyoni ze-Kelvin (ezifana neemeko ezikhoyo kumaxesha amandulo exesha lokusasazeka kwemitha). Amandla amasuntswana angqubanayo ayongezwa kungoko amandla ongquzulwano aphezulu. Amandla ongquzulwano aguqulwa abe yinkqunto ngohlobo lwamasuntswana awayekho kwindalo yonke yamandulo ngokokulingana kobunzima bobunzima. Umzekelo, xa amasuntswana e-elektroni e-subatomic engqubana kunye namaqabane abo achasene nomcimbi, i-matter kunye ne-anti-matter iyatshabalalisa kwaye amandla akhululwa. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamasuntswana asisiseko amatsha ajiya kumandla akhutshiweyo. Amasuntswana amatsha anokuba zii-Higgs bosons okanye ii-quarks eziphezulu, ezizintlobo ezinzima kakhulu zeebhloko zokwakha ze-subatomic. Mhlawumbi, amasuntswana amnyama kunye neesupersymmetric particles ngokunjalo, into engekafunyanwa. Unxibelelwano olunjalo phakathi kwamasuntswana anamandla aphezulu kwiimeko ezazikho kwindalo yamandulo kunika iifestile kwihlabathi elingenakufikeleleka ngelo xesha kwaye uhlalutyo lweemveliso zongquzulwano lukhulisa ukuqonda kwethu amasuntswana asisiseko kwaye lunika indlela yokuqonda imithetho elawulayo yefiziksi. Ii-accelerator ze-particle zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zophando kuphononongo lwendalo iphela yamandulo. Ii-Hadron colliders (ingakumbi i-CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC) kunye nee-electron-positron colliders ziphambili ekuphononongeni indalo iphela yamandulo. Iimvavanyo ze-ATLAS kunye ne-CMS kwi-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ziphumelele ekufumaneni i-Higgs boson kwi-2012. (Imvelaphi: Izinto ezingqubanayo zesuntswana zophononongo lwe "Indalo yamandulo kakhulu": I-Muon collider ibonisiwe) |
I-High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL - LHC) ye-CERN iya kwandisa ukusebenza kwe-LHC ngokunyusa inani lokungqubana ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufunda iindlela ezaziwayo kwiinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba isebenze ngo-2029.
I-Future Circular Collider (FCC) ecetywayo iya kuba yinto ephezulu yokusebenza kwe-particle collider vis-a-vis Large Hydron Collider. Eyilwe ukuphonononga ubukho bamancinci amatsha, anzima, ngaphaya kokufikelela kwi-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) kunye nobukho beengqungquthela ezikhanyayo ezisebenzisana buthathaka kakhulu kunye ne-Standard Model particles, i-FCC iya kuba malunga ne-100 km kwi-circumference ebekwe malunga neemitha ezingama-200 ngaphantsi komhlaba kufuphi nendawo efanayo ne-LHC. Ukuba kuvunyiwe, ukwakhiwa kweFCC kunokuqala ngo-2030s.
I-FCC iya kuphunyezwa ngokwezigaba ezibini. Inqanaba lokuqala, i-FCC-ee iya kuba yi-electron-positron collider yemilinganiselo echanekileyo. Iza kubonelela ngenkqubo yophando yeminyaka eyi-15 ukusuka ekupheleni kwee-2040s. Ekugqityweni kwesi sigaba, umatshini wesibini, i-FCC-hh (amandla aphezulu), uya kuthunyelwa kwi-tunnel efanayo. Oku kujolise ekufikeleleni kumandla ongquzulwano lwe-100 TeV yeehadroni (iiproton) kunye neeyoni ezinzima. I-FCC-hh iya kusebenza kwi-2070 kwaye iya kuqhuba kude kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21.
Kutheni iFCC ifuneka? Iya kufeza yiphi injongo?
Indalo iphela eqaphelekayo kuquka yonke into eqhelekileyo esiye sonke yenziwe ngayo yenza kuphela i-4.9% yobunzima bomxholo wendalo iphela. Izinto ezingabonakaliyo ezimnyama zenza malunga ne-26.8% (nangona i-68.3% eseleyo yesiqulatho samandla endalo yonke ingamandla amnyama). Akwaziwa ukuba yintoni kanye kanye into emnyama. Imodeli esemgangathweni (SM) ye-particle physics ayinamasuntswana asisiseko aneempawu ezifunekayo ukuba zibe mnyama. Kucatshangelwa ukuba mhlawumbi "i-supersymmetric particles" ezingamaqabane kwiincinci kwi-Standard Model yenza into emnyama.Okanye mhlawumbi kukho ihlabathi elihambelanayo lomcimbi omnyama. I-WIMPs (i-Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), i-axion, okanye i-neutrinos enyumba yi-hypothesized particles "Ngaphaya koMgangatho oMgangatho" (BSM) abaviwa abakhokelayo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mpumelelo okwangoku ekubhaqweni kwawo nawaphi na amasuntswana anjalo. Kukho eminye imibuzo emininzi evulekileyo (efana ne-matter-antimatter asymmetry, ubunzima, amandla amnyama, i-neutrinomass njl.njl) uMzekelo oMgangatho ongenakuyiphendula. Kwakhona, indima ye-Higgs field ekuveleni kwendalo kwendalo yaqala ukuxoxwa emva kokufunyanwa kwe-Higgs boson ngo-2012 yi-ATLAS kunye novavanyo lwe-CMS kwi-Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Iimpendulo ezinokubakho kule mibuzo ingasentla zivulekileyo zingaphaya koMfanekiso oMgangatho wefiziksi yamasuntswana. Omnye unokufuna ukuphonononga ubukho bamancinci amatsha, alula kakhulu asebenzisana ngokubuthathaka kakhulu kunye namasuntswana oMgangatho oMgangatho. Oku kuya kufuna inani elikhulu lokuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye novakalelo oluphezulu kakhulu kwimiqondiso yokuvelisa amasuntswana anjalo aphantsi kobubanzi besigaba sokuqala seFCC oko kukuthi, iFCC-ee (umlinganiselo ochanekileyo). Kukwayimfuneko ukuphonononga ubukho bamasuntswana amatsha, anzima ngakumbi aya kufuna uncedo lwamandla aphezulu. I-FCC-hh (amandla aphezulu), inqanaba lesibini le-FCC lijolise ukufikelela kumandla okudibana kwe-100 TeV (ephezulu kakhulu kune-13 TeV ye-LHC). Ngokuphathelele kwimilo yenqanaba lokuqala le-electron–positron (e+e-) collider, ukumila kwesetyhula kuye kwakhethwa (i-vis-a-vis linear) kuba imilo esetyhula yenza ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukuya kutsho kwimifuniselo emine kwaye ibonelela ngeziseko zophuhliso kwisigaba sesibini esilandelayo se-high-energy hadron collider.
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Iingxelo:
- I-CERN. Ukukhutshwa kweendaba - IBhunga le-CERN liphonononga uphononongo olunokwenzeka kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. 10 Novemba 2025. Ifumaneka apha https://home.cern/news/press-release/accelerators/cern-council-reviews-feasibility-study-next-generation-collider
- I-CERN. Ushicilelo lweendaba – iCERN ikhupha ingxelo malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kweFuture Circular Collider enokwenzeka. 31 Matshi 2025. Iyafumaneka e https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/cern-releases-report-feasibility-possible-future-circular-collider
- Uphononongo lokwenzeka kweFuture Circular Collider ngoku lugqityiwe https://home.cern/science/cern/fcc-study-media-kit
- I-Future Circular Collider https://home.cern/science/accelerators/future-circular-collider
- I-FCC: ityala lefiziksi. 27 Matshi 2024. https://cerncourier.com/a/fcc-the-physics-case/
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Amanqaku afanelekileyo:
- Izinto ezingqubanayo zesuntswana zophononongo lwe "Indalo yamandulo kakhulu": I-Muon collider ibonisiwe (31 Okthobha 2024)
- I-CERN ibhiyozela iminyaka engama-70 yohambo lweNzululwazi kwiFiziksi (2 February 2024)
- Senziwe ngantoni ekugqibeleni? Zeziphi iiBhloko eziSisiseko zeNdalo? (8 Novemba 2021)
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Ezinye iividiyo zemfundo kwiFCC:
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 that the Standard Model cannot address, one may need to look beyond the Standard Model of particle physics and explore the possible existence of new, lighter particles that interact very weakly with Standard Model particles, as well as explore the existence of new, heavier particles beyond the reach of existing LHC facility. The proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC) would make it possible to search for the existence of such fundamental particles beyond the Standard Model.){kind=link}