Uphando lwesayensi lubonakalise ukuba izinja zizidalwa ezinemfesane ezoyisa imiqobo yokunceda abanini bazo abangabantu.
Abantu bebefuya izinja kangangeminyaka engamawaka kwaye ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu nezinja zabo lungumzekelo omhle wolwalamano oluqinileyo nolunemvakalelo. Abanini bezinja abazingcayo kwihlabathi liphela bebesoloko beziva kwaye bexoxa nabahlobo babo kunye nosapho ngaxa lithile ngendlela abaziva ngayo kwaye baziva ngayo ukuba amaqabane abo ezinja azaliswe luvelwano kunye novelwano ingakumbi ngamaxesha apho abanini bazo bekhathazekile kwaye bekhathazekile. Izinja zibonwa njengezingabathandi nje kuphela abanini bazo kodwa nezinja zikwabajonga aba bantu njengosapho lwazo olunothando oluzibonelela indawo yokuhlala kunye nokhuseleko. Izinja bezibizwa ngokuba 'ngumhlobo osenyongweni womntu' ixesha elide kukho uncwadi. Iingxelo ezinjalo malunga nokuthembeka kwenja, uthando kunye nolwalamano nabantu ziye zathandwa kuzo zonke iindlela nokuba ziincwadi, imibongo okanye iifilimu. Ngaphandle kolu lwazi lukhulu malunga nokuba ubudlelwane phakathi komntu nenja yakhe bulungile kangakanani, izifundo zesayensi ezineziphumo ezahlukeneyo ziye zenziwa kule ndawo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Izinja zizidalwa ezinovelwano
Abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins babonise kuphando lwabo olupapashwe kwiSpringer 's Learning and Behaviour ukuba izinja ngokwenene zingumhlobo osenyongweni womntu kwaye zizidalwa ezinovelwano kakhulu kwaye azinalo ulwazi olupheleleyo ngoluntu kwaye zikhawuleza ukuthuthuzela abanini bazo xa ziqonda ukuba abanini bazo bakwingxaki. Abaphandi benze iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuqonda amanqanaba ovelwano oluboniswa zizinja kubanini bazo. Kolunye uvavanyo oluninzi, kwaqokelelwa iseti yabanini bezinja abangama-34 kunye nezinja zabo ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye abanini bacelwa ukuba bakhale okanye bavumise ingoma. Kwenziwa nganye nganye kwisibini ngasinye senja kunye nomnini wezinja ngelixa zombini zihleli zijongene kumagumbi ahlukeneyo kunye nocango lweglasi oluvaliweyo phakathi kwazo oluxhaswa ziimagnethi ezintathu kuphela ukuze kube lula ukuvula. Abaphandi bagweba ngononophelo indlela ezisabela ngayo izinja kunye nesantya sentliziyo yazo ( ngokomzimba ) ngokuthatha imilinganiselo kwisixhobo sokujonga izinga lentliziyo. Kwabonwa ukuba xa abanini bazo 'bekhala' okanye bekhwaza "nceda" kwaye izinja ziva ezi zikhalazo zoxinzelelo, zavula ucango ngokukhawuleza kathathu ukuze zingene zize zinike intuthuzelo kunye noncedo kwaye ngokuyintloko "zihlangule" abanini bazo abangabantu. Oku kuthelekiswa kakhulu nexesha abanini babecula ingoma kuphela baze babonakale bonwabile. Xa sijonga izinto ezibhalwe ngokweenkcukacha, izinja zaphendula kwimizuzwana engama-24.43 xa abanini bazo babezenza ngathi bakhathazekile xa kuthelekiswa nempendulo eqhelekileyo yemizuzwana engama-95.89 xa abanini babebonakala bonwabile ngelixa becula iingoma zabantwana. Le ndlela ithathwe kwingcamango 'yabanye abavalelekileyo' esetyenziswe kwizifundo ezininzi ezibandakanya iimpuku.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuxoxa ukuba kutheni izinja zisavula ucango xa abanini bentyiloza kuphela kwaye kungekho mqondiso wenkathazo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwenja kwakungengovelwano nje kuphela kodwa kukwacebise nesidingo sabo sokunxibelelana nabantu kunye nokuba nomdla wokwazi ukuba yintoni elele ngaphaya komnyango. Ezo zinja zabonisa impendulo ekhawulezayo kakhulu ekuvuleni umnyango zazinamanqanaba aphantsi oxinzelelo ngokwawo. Amanqanaba oxinzelelo aqatshelwe ngokumisela umgca wenkqubela phambili ngokwenza imilinganiselo yesiseko. Oku kuyaqondakala kwaye kumiselwe kakuhle ukuqwalaselwa kwengqondo ukuba izinja ziya kufuneka zinqobe ukubandezeleka kwazo ukuze zenze isenzo (apha, ukuvula umnyango). Oku kuthetha ukuba izinja zicinezela iimvakalelo zabo kwaye zenze uvelwano endaweni ngokugxila kubanini bazo babantu. Imeko efanayo ibonakala kubantwana kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abantu abadala xa kufuneka boyise uxinezeleko lwabo lobuqu olungaphaya kwamandla ukuze bakwazi ukunikela uncedo komnye umntu. Kwelinye icala, izinja ezingazange ziluvule ucango zazibonisa iimpawu ezicacileyo zonxunguphalo kuzo njengokukhefuzela okanye ukwenza intshukumo ebonisa ukuxhalaba kwazo kwimeko ebandakanya umntu ezimthanda ngokwenene. Abaphandi bagxininisa ukuba oku kukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kwaye akukhathazi kwaphela kuba izinja, njengabantu, zinokubonisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yovelwano ngexesha elinye. Kolunye uvavanyo, abaphandi bahlalutya ukujongwa kwezinja kubanini bazo ukuze bafunde ngakumbi malunga nobudlelwane.
Kuvavanyo olwenziweyo, izinja ezili-16 kwezingama-34 beziqeqeshelwe ukunyanga izinja kunye “nezinja zenkonzo” ezibhalisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izinja zenziwe ngendlela efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zizinja zenkonzo okanye hayi, okanye ubudala okanye uhlobo lwazo alunamsebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke izinja zibonisa iimpawu ezifanayo zomntu-isilwanyana, kanye ukuba izinja unyango baye bazuza izakhono ezingakumbi xa ubhalisa njengezinja inkonzo kwaye ezi akhawunti izakhono ukuthobela kunokuba isimo ngokweemvakalelo. Esi siphumo sineempembelelo ezinamandla kwikhrayitheriya esetyenziselwa ukukhetha nokuqeqesha izinja zonyango lwenkonzo. Iingcali zinokugweba ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukwenza uphuculo lwezonyango ekuyileni iiprothokholi zokukhetha.
Uphononongo lubonisa uvakalelo oluphezulu lwee-canines kwiimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zabantu njengoko zibonwa ukuba zibone kakhulu utshintsho kwimeko yeemvakalelo zabantu. Ukufunda okunjalo kuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu uvelwano lwe-canine kunye noluhlu lokuziphatha kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimeko jikelele. Kuya kuba nomdla ukwandisa umda walo msebenzi ukwenza izifundo ezongezelelweyo kwezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya ezifana neekati, imivundla okanye izikhwenene. Ukuzama ukuqonda ukuba izinja zicinga kwaye zisabela njani kunokusinika indawo yokuqalisa ukuqonda indlela uvelwano kunye novelwano oluvela ngayo nakubantu ezenza ukuba benze ngovelwano kwiimeko ezinzima. Ingasinceda ukuba siphande ubungakanani bempendulo yovelwano kwaye iphucule ukuqonda kwethu imbali ekwabelwana ngayo yendaleko yezilwanyana ezanyisayo - abantu nezinja.
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Umthombo (s)
USanford EM et al. 2018. UTimmy usequleni: Uvelwano kunye noncedo oluhambelanayo kwizinja. Ukufunda kunye nokuziphatha . https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-018-0332-3
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