Uphononongo lufumene indlela yokwenza iibhetri esizisebenzisa yonke imihla ukuze zomelele ngakumbi, zibe namandla kwaye zikhuseleke.
Unyaka ngu-2018 kwaye ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla buxhaswa zigajethi ezahlukeneyo ezinokuqhubeka umbane okanye kwiibhetri. Ukuthembela kwethu kwiigajethi ezisebenza ngebhetri kunye nezixhobo kukhula ngokumangalisayo. A ibhetri sisixhobo esigcina amandla ekhemikhali aguqulwa abe ngumbane. Iibhetri zifana neeactor zekhemikhali ezincinci ezinempendulo evelisa i-electron egcwele amandla ahamba kwisixhobo sangaphandle. Nokuba iiselfowuni zayo okanye iilaptops okanye ezinye iimoto zombane, iibhetri - ngokubanzi i-lithium-ion - ngowona mthombo wamandla ophambili kwezi teknoloji. Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubeka ihambela phambili, kukho imfuno eqhubekayo ye-compact ngakumbi, umthamo ophezulu, kunye neebhetri eziphinda zitshajwe ngokukhuselekileyo.
Iibhetri zinembali ende kunye nezukileyo. Isazinzulu saseMerika uBenjamin Franklin waqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi “ibhetri” ngowe-1749 ngoxa wayesenza imifuniselo yombane esebenzisa iseti yeecapacitor ezidityanisiweyo. Ingcali yefiziksi yaseNtaliyane uAlessandro Volta waqulunqa ibhetri yokuqala ngo-1800 xa waqokelela iidiski zobhedu (Cu) kunye nezinc (Zn) ezahlulwe ngelaphu elifakwe emanzini anetyuwa. Ibhetri ye-lead-asidi, enye yeebhetri ezihlala zihlala kunye neyona indala itshajwayo yaqanjwa ngo-1859 kwaye isasetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezininzi nanamhlanje kubandakanywa injini yokutsha yangaphakathi kwizithuthi.
Iibhetri ziye zahamba indlela ende kwaye namhlanje ziza kuluhlu lweesayizi ukusuka kubukhulu obukhulu beMegawatt, ngoko ke kwithiyori bayakwazi ukugcina amandla kwiifama zelanga kunye nokukhanyisa izixeko ezincinci okanye zinokuba zincinci njengoko zisetyenziselwa iiwotshi ze-elektroniki. , ayimangalisi loo nto. Kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yibhetri yokuqala, ukusabela okuvelisa ukuhamba kwee-electron ayinakubuyela umva kwaye ekugqibeleni xa enye yereactants yayo idliwe ibhetri iba sicaba okanye ife. Ibhetri ephambili eqhelekileyo yibhetri ye-zinc-carbon. Ezi bhetri ziphambili ibiyingxaki enkulu kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokujongana nokulahlwa kwezo bhetri kukufumana indlela ezinokuthi ziphinde zisetyenziswe ngayo – nto leyo ethetha ngokuzenza ziphinde zitshajwe. Ukutshintshwa kweebhetri ngentsha ngokucacileyo kwakungenakwenzeka kwaye njengoko iibhetri ziye zanda Namandla kwaye enkulu yaba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuba ungakhankanyi kubiza kakhulu ukutshintshela kunye nokulahla.
Ibhetri ye-nickel-cadmium (NiCd) yayiyeyokuqala ibhetri ekwaziyo ukutshajwa kwakhona esebenzisa ialkali njenge-electrolyte. Ngo-1989 iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydrogen (NiMH) zaphuhliswa zibe nobomi obude kuneebhetri zeNiCd. Noko ke, babenezithintelo ezithile, ubukhulu becala kukuba babenovelwano kakhulu ekutshajisweni nasekufudumezeni ngokugqithiseleyo ngokukodwa xa babehlawuliswa chaza umlinganiselo wabo omkhulu. Ke ngoko, kuye kwafuneka ukuba zihlawuliswe ngokucothayo nangononophelo ukuthintela nawuphi na umonakalo kwaye zifuna amaxesha amade ukuze zihlawulwe ngeetshaja ezilula.
Yaqanjwa ngo-1980, iibhetri zeLithium-ion (LIBs) zezona bhetri zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubathengi. ngekhompyutha izixhobo namhlanje. I-Lithium yenye yezona zinto zikhaphukhaphu kwaye inesinye sezona zixhobo zinkulu ze-electrochemical, ke ngoko le ndibaniselwano ikufanelekele ukwenza iibhetri. Kwii-LIB, ii-ion ze-lithium zihamba phakathi kwee-electrode ezahlukeneyo nge-electrolyte eyenziwe ngetyuwa kunye eziphilayo izinyibilikisi (kwii-LIB ezininzi zemveli). Ngokwethiyori, isinyithi se-lithium sesona sinyithi sinamandla ombane esinomthamo ophezulu kakhulu kwaye lolona khetho lungcono kwiibhetri. Xa ii-LIB zihlaziywa ngokutsha, i-lithium ion echajiwe kakuhle iba yintsimbi ye-lithium. Ngoko ke, ii-LIB zezona zithandwa kakhulu iibhetri ezinokutshajwa ukuze zisetyenziswe kuzo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo eziphathwayo ngenxa yobomi bazo obude kunye nomthamo ophezulu. Nangona kunjalo, enye ingxaki enkulu kukuba i-electrolyte inokumka lula, ibangele i-short-circuit ebhetri kwaye oku kunokuba yingozi yomlilo. Ngokwenza, ii-LIB aziqinisekanga ngokwenene kwaye zingasebenzi kakuhle njengoko ixesha lokuchithwa kwe-lithium liba yinto engafaniyo. I-LIB ixeliwe ukuba ibonise umthamo ofanelekileyo kunye namazinga okugcina kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kakhulu.
Ke, yonke into ayifezekanga kwihlabathi leebhetri njengoko kule minyaka yamva nje iibhetri ezininzi ziphawulwe njengezingakhuselekanga ngenxa yokuba zibamba umlilo, azithembekanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zingasebenzi kakuhle. Iingcali zenzululwazi kwihlabathi jikelele zifuna ukwakha iibhetri eziya kuba zincinci, zihlaziywe ngokukhuselekileyo, zibe khaphukhaphu, zomelele kwaye kwangaxeshanye zibe namandla kakhulu.Ngoko ke, ingqwalasela itshintshele kwi-electrolyte eqinileyo njengeyona ndlela inokwenzeka. Ukugcina oku njengeenketho ezininzi eziye zazanywa zizazinzulu, kodwa uzinzo kunye nokulinganisa kube ngumqobo uninzi lwezifundo. Iipolymer electrolytes zibonise amandla amakhulu kuba azinzile nje kuphela kodwa ziguquguquka kwaye zingabizi. Ngelishwa, owona mba uphambili nge-electrolyte yepolymer kukungaqhubi kakuhle kwabo kunye neempawu zoomatshini.
Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje olupapashwe kwi-ACS Iileta zeNano, baphandi baye babonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwebhetri kunye nezinye iipropathi ezininzi zinokwandiswa ngokudibanisa ii-nanowires kuyo, ukwenza ibhetri ibe phezulu. Eli qela labaphandi abavela kwiKholeji yeNzululwazi yezeNzululwazi kunye nobuNjineli, iYunivesithi yaseZhejiang yeThekhnoloji, eChina bakhe phezu kophando lwabo lwangaphambili apho benza i-magnesium borate nanowires ebonisa iimpawu ezintle zoomatshini kunye nokuqhuba. Kuphononongo lwangoku bajonga ukuba oku kuya kuba yinyani na kwiibhetri xa zinjalo iinanowires zongezwa kwi-solid-state polymer electrolyte. I-solid-state electrolyte yaxutywa kunye ne-5, 10, 15 kunye ne-20 ubunzima be-magnesium borate nanowires. Kwabonwa ukuba ii-nanowires zonyusa ukuhanjiswa kwe-electrolyte ye-polymer eqinile eyenze ukuba iibhetri zomelele kwaye zomelele xa zithelekiswa nangaphambili ngaphandle kwee-nanowires. Oku kwanda kwe-conductivity kwakungenxa yokwanda kwenani leeyoni ezidlulayo kwaye zihamba nge-electrolyte kunye nesantya esikhawulezayo. Iseti yonke yayifana nebhetri kodwa ine-nanowires ezongeziweyo. Oku kubonise izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kunye nemijikelo eyandisiweyo xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri eziqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo lokuvutha kwakhona lwenziwa kwaye kwabonwa ukuba ibhetri ayizange itshise. Usetyenziso oluphathwayo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi namhlanje njengeemfonomfono eziphathwayo kunye neelaptops kufuneka ziphuculwe ngowona mandla agciniweyo aphezulu kunye nawona ahlangeneyo. Oku ngokucacileyo kwandisa umngcipheko wokukhutshwa kobundlobongela kwaye kuyalawuleka kwizixhobo ezinjalo ngenxa yefomathi encinci yeebhetri ezifunekayo. Kodwa njengoko usetyenziso olukhulu lweebhetri ziyilwa kwaye zizanywa, ukhuseleko, ukuqina kunye namandla athatha ukubaluleka okuphezulu.
***
{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
Sheng O et al. 2018. I-Mg2B2O5 i-Nanowire inikwe amandla i-Electrolytes ye-Multifunctional Solid-State State kunye ne-High Ionic Conductivity, iiPropati ezigqwesileyo zoomatshini, kunye nokuSebenza kweFlame-Retardant. Iileta zeNano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00659
