Uphononongo oluyimpumelelo luthatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo eliya phambili kumzamo wokuphuhlisa a DNAInkqubo yokugcina esekelwe kwidatha yedijithali.
Digital idata ikhula ngesantya esiphezulu namhlanje ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwethu kwizixhobo zombane kwaye ifuna ugcino olomeleleyo lwexesha elide. Ukugcinwa kwedatha ngokukhawuleza kuba ngumngeni kuba iteknoloji yedijithali yangoku ayikwazi ukunika isisombululo. Umzekelo kukuba idatha yedijithali idalwe kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo kunayo yonke imbali ye iikhompyutha, eneneni i-2.5 quintillion byte {1 quintillion byte = 2,500,000 Terabytes (TB) = 2,500,000,000 Gigabytes (GB)} yedatha iyadalwa yonke imihla emhlabeni. Oku kubandakanya idatha kwiisayithi zenethiwekhi yoluntu, iintengiselwano zebhanki kwi-intanethi, iirekhodi zeenkampani kunye nentlangano, idatha evela kwiisathelayithi, ukucupha, uphando, uphuhliso njl. Le datha inkulu kwaye ayilungiswanga. Ke ngoko, ngoku kungumngeni omkhulu ukujongana neemfuno ezinkulu zokugcina idatha kunye nokukhula kwayo okubonakalayo, ngakumbi kwimibutho kunye neenkampani ezifuna ukugcinwa okuqinileyo kwexesha elide.
Ukhetho olukhoyo ngoku ziihard disk, iidiski zamehlo (iiCD), izinto zokukhumbula, iiflash drives, kunye neeteyiphu eziqhubela phambili ngakumbi okanye iidiski zeBluRay ezibonakalayo ezigcina malunga ne-10 Terabytes (TB) yedatha. Izixhobo zokugcina ezinjalo nangona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zineengxaki ezininzi. Okokuqala, zinobomi beshelufu obusezantsi ukuya-phakathi kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zobushushu kunye nokufuma ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala amashumi amaninzi eminyaka kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifuna iindawo zokugcina eziyilwe ngokukodwa. Phantse zonke ezi zidla amandla amaninzi, zininzi kwaye azinakwenzeka kwaye zingonakaliswa ekwindla nje. Ezinye zazo zibiza kakhulu, zihlala zithwaxwa yimpazamo yedatha kwaye ke azikho robust ngokwaneleyo. Inketho eyamkelwe kwihlabathi jikelele ngumbutho ibizwa ngokuba yi-cloud computing - ilungiselelo apho inkampani ngokusisiseko iqeshe iseva "yangaphandle" yokusingatha yonke i-IT kunye neemfuno zokugcina idatha, ekubhekiselwa kuyo "njengelifu". Enye yezinto ezingalunganga eziphambili kwi-computing yefu lukhuseleko kunye nemiba yabucala kunye nokuba sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa ngabahlaseli. Kukwakho neminye imiba efana neendleko eziphezulu ezibandakanyekayo, ulawulo olulinganiselweyo yintlangano yabazali kunye nokuxhomekeka kweqonga. I-computing yamafu isabonwa njengenye indlela efanelekileyo yokugcina ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, kujongeka ngathi ulwazi lwedijithali oluveliswa kwihlabathi liphela ngokuqinisekileyo lugqithisa amandla ethu okuligcina kwaye nezisombululo ezomelele ngakumbi ziyafuneka ukukhawulelana nonogumbe wedatha ngelixa unikezela nge-scalability ukuthathela ingqalelo iimfuno zokugcina ngokunjalo.
Ngaba i-DNA inokunceda kwindawo yokugcina ikhompyutha?
yethu DNA (i-Deoxyribonucleic acid) ithathwa njengenye indlela enika umdla yogcino lwedatha yedijithali. DNA zizinto eziziphindaphindayo ezifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kwaye yiyo equka ulwazi lwethu lwemfuza. Imveliso eyenziweyo okanye eyenziweyo DNA yinto ehlala ixesha elide enokwenziwa kusetyenziswa oomatshini be-oligonucleotide synthesis. Inzuzo ephambili ye-DNA kukuphila kwayo ixesha elide njenge DNA ihlala ixesha elide le-1000 kune-silicon (i-silicon-chip - izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha iikhompyutha). Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-cubic millimeter enye nje DNA inokubamba i-quintillion yeebytes zedatha! DNA ikwayimathiriyeli eyi-ultracompact engaze yehlise isidima kwaye inokugcinwa kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo kangangamakhulu eenkulungwane. Ingcamango yokusebenzisa iDNA kwindawo yokugcina izinto ibikho kwakude kudala emva phayaa ngo-1994. Esona sizathu siyintloko yindlela efanayo yokugcinwa kwenkcazelo ekhompyutheni nakwiimeko zethu. DNA – kuba zombini zigcina iiplani zolwazi. Ikhompyutha igcina yonke idatha njengo-0 no-1 kwaye i-DNA igcina yonke idatha yezinto eziphilayo isebenzisa iziseko ezine—i-thymine (T), i-guanine (G), i-adenine (A) ne-cytosine (C). Ngoko ke, i-DNA inokubizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokugcina esisemgangathweni, njengekhompyutha, ukuba ezi ziseko zinokumelwa njengoo-0 (iziseko A no-C) kunye no-1 (iziseko T no-G). I-DNA inzima kwaye ihlala ixesha elide, eyona nto ilula kakhulu kukuba ikhowudi yethu yemfuza - iplani yalo lonke ulwazi lwethu olugcinwe kwi-DNA - idluliselwa ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Zonke isoftware kunye nezixhobo zehardware zizimisele ekusebenziseni iDNA yokwenziwa ukugcina izixa ezikhulu ukufezekisa injongo yazo yokusombulula ugcino lwedatha oluhlala ixesha elide. Umbono kukuqala ukuguqula ikhowudi yekhompyutha 0 kunye no-1s kwikhowudi ye-DNA (A, C, T, G), ikhowudi ye-DNA eguqulelwe emva koko isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iintambo zokwenziwa ze-DNA ezinokuthi zibekwe kwindawo yokugcina ebandayo. Nanini na xa ifuneka, imicu ye-DNA inokususwa kwindawo ebandayo yogcino kunye nolwazi lwazo kusetyenziswa umatshini wokulandelelanisa i-DNA kunye nolandelelwano lwe-DNA ekugqibeleni luguqulelwe kwifomathi yokubini yekhompyutha ye-1 kunye ne-0 ukuze ifundwe kwikhompyutha.
Ibonisiwe1 ukuba iigram nje ezimbalwa ze-DNA zinokugcina i-quintillion byte yedatha kwaye iyigcine yomelele ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-2000. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuqonda kulula kuye kwajamelana nemingeni ethile. Okokuqala, kubiza kakhulu kwaye kucotha kabuhlungu ukubhala idatha kwi-DNA okt eyona nguquko ka-0 kunye no-1s kwiziseko ze-DNA (A, T, C, G). Okwesibini, xa idatha "ibhaliwe" kwi-DNA, kulucelomngeni ukufumana nokubuyisela iifayile kwaye kufuna ubuchule obubizwa ngokuba yi-DNA. DNA ulandelelwano – inkqubo yokumisela ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo lweziseko ngaphakathi a DNA Imolekyuli -emva koko idatha ihlawulwe ibuyele ku-0 kunye no-1.
Uphononongo olutshanje2 ngoososayensi abavela kuPhando lweMicrosoft kunye neYunivesithi yaseWashington baye bafumana "ukufikelela ngokungaqhelekanga" kwi-DNA yokugcina. Inkalo "yokufikelela ngokungaqhelekanga" ibaluleke kakhulu kuba ithetha ukuba ulwazi lunokudluliselwa okanye lusuka kwindawo (ngokubanzi imemori) apho yonke indawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ilandelelanise kwaye inokufumaneka ngokuthe ngqo. Ukusebenzisa obu buchule bokufikelela okungahleliweyo, iifayile ziyakwazi ukufunyanwa kwi-DNA yokugcina ngendlela ekhethiweyo njengoko kuthelekiswa nangaphambili, xa ukubuyisela okunjalo kufuna imfuneko yokulandelelana kunye nokucacisa i-dataset ye-DNA yonke ukufumana kunye nokukhupha iifayile ezimbalwa ezifunwayo. Ukubaluleka "kokufikelela ngokungaqhelekanga" kuphakanyiswa ngakumbi xa inani ledatha linyuka kwaye liba likhulu njengoko linciphisa inani lolandelelwano ekufuneka lwenziwe. Kokokuqala ngqa ukuba ufikelelo olungenamkhethe lubonisiwe ngokomlinganiselo omkhulu. Abaphandi baye baphuhlisa i-algorithm yokuguqula ikhowudi kunye nokubuyisela idatha ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokunyamezela ngakumbi kwiimpazamo zedatha ukwenza inkqubo yolandelelwano nayo ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphezu kwe-13 yezigidi ze-DNA oligonucleotides zokwenziwa zifakwe kwi-encoded kolu cwaningo olwaluyidatha ye-200MB ubukhulu obuquka iifayile ze-35 (eziqulethe ividiyo, i-audio, imifanekiso kunye nombhalo) ukusuka kwi-29KB ukuya kwi-44MB. Ezi fayile zifunyenwe nganye nganye ngaphandle kweempazamo. Kwakhona, ababhali baye baqulunqa ii-algorithms ezintsha ezomelele ngakumbi kwaye zinyamezela iimpazamo ekubhaleni nasekufundeni ulandelelwano lweDNA. Olu phononongo lupapashwe kwi Nature Biotechnology kwinkqubela phambili enkulu ebonisa inkqubo esebenzayo, enkulu yokugcina i-DNA kunye nokufunyanwa.
Inkqubo yokugcina i-DNA ibonakala inomdla kakhulu kuba inobuninzi bedatha ephezulu, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwaye kulula ukuyigcina kodwa ngokucacileyo inemingeni emininzi ngaphambi kokuba yamkelwe emhlabeni wonke. Izinto ezimbalwa lixesha kunye nokuchazwa kwe-DNA (ulandelelwano) kunye nokudityaniswa kwe-DNA. DNA. Ubuchule bufuna ukuchaneka ngakumbi kunye nokugubungela ngokubanzi. Nangona ukuqhubela phambili kwenziwe kule ndawo ifomathi echanekileyo apho idatha iya kugcinwa khona kwixesha elide njenge DNA isavela. UMicrosoft wenze isibhambathiso sokuphucula ukuveliswa kweDNA yokwenziwa kunye nokujongana nemiceli mngeni yokuyila ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo DNA inkqubo yokugcina ngo-2020.
***
{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
1. U-Erlich Y kunye noZielinski D 2017. I-DNA Fountain yenza ukuba i-architecture eqinile kunye neyokugcina yokugcina. Inzululwazi. 355(6328). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj2038
2. Organick L et al. 2018. Ukufikelela ngokungaqhelekanga kwindawo enkulu yokugcina idatha yeDNA. I-Biotechnology yendalo. 36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4079
