Uphononongo lubonise ukuba "iliso le-bionic" lithembisa ukunceda ukubuyisela umbono kwizigulana ezininzi ezinobumfama obungaphelelanga okanye obupheleleyo.
Ubume beliso lomntu buntsokothile kwaye indlela esikwazi ngayo ukubona yinkqubo entsonkothileyo elandelelanayo eyenzeka ngaphantsi kwe-millisecond. Nakuphi na ukukhanya kuqala kudlula kwiphepha elikhuselayo leliso elibizwa ngokuba yicornea kuze emva koko kudlulele kwilensi. Le lens ehlengahlengiswayo kwiliso lethu emva koko igoba ukukhanya, igxile kuyo retina – inwebu yethishu egqume ngasemva kwiliso. Izigidi zee-receptors kwi-retina zineemolekyuli ze-pigment ezitshintsha ukumila xa zibethwa kukukhanya okubangela imiyalezo yombane eya ebuchotsheni bethu nge ngokukhanya imithambo-luvo. Ngaloo ndlela, sibona oko sikubonayo. Xa nayiphi na kwezi zicubu-i-cornea kunye ne-retina-okanye i-nerve ye-optic ayikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle, umbono wethu uyachaphazeleka. Nangona iingxaki zokubona zinokulungiswa ngotyando lwamehlo kunye nokunxiba izibuko ezinelensi yokulungisa, iimeko ezininzi zikhokelela kubumfama obunganyangekiyo ngamanye amaxesha.
Ukuveliswa kwe "bionic eye"
Ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organization, kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abasisi-1.5 sesigidi ehlabathini lonke banesifo esinganyangekiyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Ichaphazela malunga nomntu omnye kwabangama-1 kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ibangela ukulahleka kombono ngokuthe ngcembe xa iiseli ezibona ukukhanya ezibizwa ngokuba ziifotoreceptors ziqhekeka kwiretina ekugqibeleni zikhokelela kubumfama. Iprosthetics ebonakalayo emiliselweyo ebizwa ngokuba “iliso le-bionic” [yathiywa ngokusemthethweni iArgus® II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus II”)] eyasungulwa nguNjingalwazi uMark Humayun weYunivesithi yaseSouthern California, ibuyisela umbono osebenza kakuhle kubantu abangaboni ngokupheleleyo okanye obungaphelelanga.1,2 ngenxa yelifa I-retinal isifo esiwohlokayo. I-Argus II ibamba imifanekiso kwi iso ikhamera yevidiyo encinane efakwe kwiglasi, iguqulela le mifanekiso ibe yimibhobho yombane, ize ke idlulisele ezo pulse ngaphandle kwamacingo kwiielectrode ezifakwe kumphezulu weretina. Ngaloo ndlela, idlula iiseli ze-retinal ezingasebenziyo kwaye ivuselele iiseli ze-retinal ezisebenzayo kwizigulana ezingaboniyo, okukhokelela ekubonweni kweepateni zokukhanya kwengqondo. Isigulane ke sifunda ukutolika ezi patheni zokubonwayo ngaloo ndlela sifumana umbono oluncedo. Inkqubo ilawulwa yi-software enokuthi iphuculwe ukuze isebenze ngcono njengoko abaphandi beqhubeka nokuphuhlisa i-algorithms entsha.
Impumelelo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangabantu
Ukuqhubekeka neziphumo zabo, umenzi kunye nomthengisi "iliso le-bionic” Second Sight Medical Products, Inc. (“Umbono wesibini”)3 ibonise ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwezonyango lweminyaka emihlanu yokufakelwa kwe-retinal zibonakalise ukusebenza kwexesha elide, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwesi sixhobo ekuphuculeni umsebenzi obonakalayo kunye nomgangatho wobomi kubantu abamfamekileyo yi-retinitis pigmentosa. Uphononongo lwabo olukhokelwa nguNjingalwazi Lyndon da Cruz kwiMoorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, luvavanye izifundo ezingama-30 kulingo lweklinikhi ezafakwa kwiArgus II kumaziko e-10 kulo lonke elase-United States naseYurophu. Zonke izigulane zaziyimfama (oko kukuthi, ngokubona ukukhanya okungenanto okanye okubi ngakumbi) ukusuka kwi-RP okanye ukuphazamiseka okufanayo. Iziphumo zibonise ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwe-Argus II ngokuphuculwa komsebenzi obonakalayo kwizigulane kwaye olu phuculo lwagcinwa kwithuba leminyaka emihlanu. Izigulana zinike ingxelo yokuba emva kokusebenzisa i-Argus II, baye baba nonxibelelwano ngokutsha nehlabathi langaphandle kunye nosapho kunye nabahlobo babo kwaye baziva benotshintsho olulungileyo oluguqula ubomi babo bonke kwintlalontle yabo. Olu luphononongo oluphawuleka kakhulu kwaye lubonelela ngeendaba ezithembisayo kwizigulana ezimfanyekiswe yiretinitis pigmentosa.
Imiba yentlalo yeliso lommangaliso
I-Argus II yeyokuqala kwaye kuphela I-retinal ukufakwa ukuze kubonakaliswe ukhuseleko, ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kunye nenzuzo ngokusebenzisa izifundo ezifanelekileyo ngaloo ndlela ufumane imvume e-US naseYurophu. Ukusukela ekupheleni kuka-2016, ngaphezulu kwezigulana ezingama-200 ziye zanyangwa ubumfama babo ngeArgus II. Iindleko ezivavanyiweyo kwi-Argus II malunga ne-USD 16,000 ixesha elide le-25 iminyaka xa isigulane siqala ukuxilongwa nge-RP. Kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo oluxhaswa nguwonke-wonke (kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo) inokufikelela ngokulula kwizigulana. Iindleko zisenokuthethelelwa phantsi kwe-inshorensi yezempilo ngakumbi xa ukuqala kwemeko kwenzeka kancinci kancinci. Iindleko eziphezulu zinokuthi zingasebenzi njengesithintelo xa zithelekiswa neemfuno "zokhathalelo" zexesha elide kwizigulane ezinjalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sicinga ngokufikelela kobu buchwepheshe kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi, okunokwenzeka kubonakala kuphantsi kakhulu ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ezibandakanyekayo kwimeko yokuhlawula ngaphandle kwepokotho.
Ikamva le-bionic iliso: ikhonkco lobuchopho
Emva kovavanyo oluyimpumelelo ebantwini, iSecond Sight ngoku ibandakanya uphononongo lokwenzeka kweArgus II kunye nehardware kunye nokuphuculwa kwesoftware kwizigulana ezikhoyo nezexesha elizayo zeArgus II. Bagxile ekuphuhliseni iprosthesis ebonakalayo ephucukileyo, iOrion™ I Visual Cortical Prosthesis.4, ejoliswe kwizigulana phantse zonke ezinye iintlobo zobumfama kwiliso elinye okanye omabini. Le yinguqulelo eguqulwe kancinane ye-Argus II ye-bionic eye, kwaye ibandakanya iperi yeglasi efakwe ikhamera kunye neprosesa yangaphandle, nangona kunjalo isebenzisa i-99 ekhulwini yeteknoloji ye-Argus II. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-Argus II, i-Orion I yinkqubo ye-neuro stimulation edlula iliso kwaye endaweni yoko, uluhlu lwe-electrode lubekwe kumphezulu we-cortex ebonakalayo (inxalenye yengqondo eyenza ulwazi olubonakalayo). Ke, ukuhambisa iipulses zombane kule ndawo kuya kuxelela ingqondo ukuba ibone iipateni zokukhanya. Esi sixhobo singenazingcingo satshanje sahlohlwa kwi-cortex yesigulane esineminyaka engama-30 ubudala kwaye iimvavanyo ezininzi zabonisa ukuba ukwazile ukubona amabala okukhanya kwaye ngaphandle kweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinkulu.
I-Orion I okwangoku (ekupheleni kwe-2017) ivunyiwe kulingo lwezonyango kwaye inikwe imvume enemiqathango yi-FDA e-USA yokuvavanya kwizifundo zabantu abahlanu kuphela kwiindawo ezimbini.4. I-Second Sight ngoku iqhuba uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwesixhobo kwaye iphendula imibuzo ethile phambi kokuba iqalise ulingo lokwenene. I-downside enkulu ye-Orion I yeyokuba ifuna utyando oluhlaselayo ngakumbi kune-Argus II njengecandelo elincinci lokhakhayi lomntu liya kufuneka lisuswe ukuze liveze indawo yobuchopho apho kuya kubekwa khona uluhlu lwee-electrode. Olo kufakelwa kwengqondo yombane kuthwala imingcipheko yosulelo okanye ukubanjwa kwengqondo kwaye inkampani iceba kuphela ukuvavanya umntu abantu abangaboniyo ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokudlula iliso, i-Orion ndinokuba luncedo kwezinye iintlobo zobumfama ezibangelwa kukonakala ngokukhanya ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezibandakanya iglaucoma, umhlaza, isifo seswekile, ukwenzakala okanye ukwenzakala. Itekhnoloji endicebisa ukuba isetyenziswe yi-Orion iya kuthatha indawo yeliso kunye ne ngokukhanya imithambo-luvo ngokupheleleyo kwaye unyange ubumfama. Esi sixhobo ngoku sikwindlela ekhawulezayo yovavanyo kunye nokuvunywa sibonwa njengento etshintsha umdlalo kubantu abangenalo unyango okanye unyango olufumanekayo kubumfama babo - phantse abantu abazizigidi ezithandathu kwihlabathi jikelele abangaboniyo kodwa abangomgqatswa ofanelekileyo weArgus II.
I-Second Sight iqikelela ukuba malunga ne-400,000 yezigulane ze-retinitis pigmentosa kwihlabathi jikelele zifanelekile kwisixhobo sayo sangoku i-Argus II. Nangona malunga ne-6 yezigidi zabantu abangaboniyo ngenxa yezinye izizathu, njengaye umhlaza, iswekile, iglaucoma, okanye umothuko usenokusebenzisa iOrion I endaweni yoko. Kwakhona, iOrion I inokubonelela ngokubona okungcono xa kuthelekiswa neArgus II. La ngamanyathelo okuqala ekuqondeni ukufakelwa kwengqondo okunjalo kuba kuya kuba ngumngeni wezonyango xa kuthelekiswa no I-retinal ukufakelwa ngenxa yokuba i-cortex ebonakalayo yobuchopho intsonkothe kakhulu kuneliso. Esi sixhobo siya kufuna utyando oluhlaselayo ngakumbi ngengqondo esenza izigulane zithande ukosuleleka okanye ukuxhuzula. I-Orion ndiya kufuna kwakhona imvume engaphezulu evela kubalawuli ngenxa yayo yonke le miba.
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{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
1. Allen C et al. 2015. Iziphumo zexesha elide ezisuka kwi-Epiretinal Prosthesis ukubuyisela ukubona kwimfama '. I-Ophthamology. 122(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.032
2. da Cruz L et al. 2016. Argus II Iqela lokufunda. Iziphumo zoKhuseleko lweminyaka emihlanu kunye neNtsebenzo evela kwi-Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System yovavanyo lweKlinikhi. I-Ophthalmology. 123(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.049
3. IiMveliso zezoNyango zeSibini, eziManyeneyo: www.secondsight.com [Ifikeleleke ngoFebruwari 5 2018].
4. Ithala leencwadi leSizwe lase-US lezoNyango. 2017. Uphononongo lokweNzeka lwakwangoko lwe-Orion Visual Cortical Prosthesis System. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03344848 [Ifikeleleke ngoFebruwari 9, 2018].
