Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje, abaphandi baye baphuhlisa okokuqala inkqubo ye-nanorobotic ezimeleyo yokujolisa ngokukodwa umhlaza.
Kwinkqubela phambili enkulu kwi-nanomedicine, intsimi edibanisa i-nanotechnology kunye neyeza, abaphandi baye bavelisa iindlela ezintsha zonyango zonyango usebenzisa i-nanoparticles encinci kakhulu, i-molecule-ubungakanani (umatshini okanye iirobhothi ezikufutshane nesikali se-microscopic ye-nanometer 10-9m) ekujoliswe kuko umhlaza, kolu phando lumangalisayo olupapashwe kwi Nature Biotechnology.
I-DNA origami nanobot: umthuthi womlingo
DNA I-origami yinkqubo apho i-DNA ihlanganiswe kwinqanaba le-nanoscale kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo ezisebenzayo kwizikali ezincinci (i-origami njengobugcisa bokubumba iphepha). I-DNA nguvimba omkhulu wolwazi yaye ngenxa yoko izinto ezakhiwe ngokuphuma kuyo zinokusetyenziswa njengabathwali bolwazi. Ngokuhambelana nobu buchule, ezi nanoparticles ze-DNA (okanye 'i-DNA nanorobots' okanye 'i-nanorobots' okanye ngokulula 'i-nanobots') inokuhambisa kwaye iphakamise imithwalo kwizikali ezincinci zemisebenzi ethile emzimbeni womntu kwaye ngoko ilungele abaninzi. nanorobotic izicelo. Ubungakanani be-nanobot enjalo buncinci ngamaxesha angama-1000 kunomsonto omnye weenwele zomntu. Le ntsimi ye-nanorobotics izele yimincili kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo kwaye iingcali ezininzi zijolise ekuphuhliseni izakhiwo ezinjalo ze-nanoscale ezisekelwe kwi-DNA enokuzisonga kuzo zonke iintlobo zeemilo kunye nobukhulu ukuguqula amayeza ngokukodwa unyango kunye nokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi.
Itekhnoloji yeNanorobot ngoku isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye sele iguqule amabala anje ngemifanekiso yezonyango, izixhobo, izinzwa, iinkqubo zamandla kunye namayeza. Kwezamayeza, i-nanobotshave inzuzo ebalulekileyo ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ayenzi nayiphi na imisebenzi eyingozi, ayinayo impembelelo enokwenzeka kwaye icacile kakhulu ukuba yeyiphi indawo emzimbeni abaya kujolisa kuyo kwaye basebenze. Iindleko zokuqala zokuphuhliswa kwee-nanorobots mhlawumbi ziphezulu kodwa ukuveliswa xa kwenziwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo yokulungiswa kwe-batch kunciphisa iindleko ukuya kumlinganiselo omkhulu.Ngaphezu koko, ubukhulu be-miniscule be-nanorobots bubenza balungele ukujolisa kwiibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane. Kwakhona, i-nanorobot encinci inokutofwa ngokulula kakhulu emzimbeni kwaye idada ngokulula egazini (inkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi) kwaye incede ekuboneni iingxaki kunye nokunyanga. IiNanobots zifumene ukubaluleka okuninzi kuphando lomhlaza kuba zinokuba yeyona ndlela ingenantlungu yonyango lwekhemotherapy enokuthi icinezele kakhulu kwaye ibeke umthwalo omkhulu wobuqu kunye nowemali kwisigulana. I-Chemotherapy ayisiyiyo kuphela indlela ekhohlakeleyo yokunyanga umhlaza, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlasela iiseli zomhlaza, inkqubo ishiya iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezininzi kuwo wonke umzimba. Nangona kunjalo isayensi ayikwazanga ukufumana nayiphi na enye indlela entsha yechemotherapy yokunyanga esi sifo sisongela ubomi esibizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza. IiNanobots zinamandla okutshintsha le meko kwiminyaka ezayo ngokuba ngowona mhlaza usebenzayo, ukrelekrele kwaye ujolise ekuhlaseleni umhlaza.
Umhlaza wokujolisa
Kolu phando lwakutsha nje, intsebenziswano phakathi Arizona State University, USA, kunye Centre National for nano isayensi kunye neTekhnoloji ye-Academy yaseTshayina yeSayensi, eBeijing, abaphandi baye baqulunqa ngempumelelo, bakha kwaye balawula ngononophelo i-nanobots ezenzekelayo ukuze bafune ngenkuthalo kwaye batshabalalise ngokuchanekileyo amathumba omhlaza ngaphakathi emzimbeni - ngelixa bengonakalisi naziphi na iiseli eziphilileyo. Baye boyisa imingeni emininzi eye yathwaxa izazinzulu ze-nano iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini, ngokuyila kunye nokusebenzisa isicwangciso esilula nesithe ngqo sokufuna nokutshabalalisa ithumba. Iqhinga yayikukuba unqunyulwe ngokukodwa unikezelo lwegazi kwiseli ithumba ngokufaka igazi coagulation kwiseli ithumba usebenzisa nanobots DNA-based. Ngoko ke, bacinga into ebonakala ilula - faka i-enzyme engundoqo yokuvala igazi (ebizwa ngokuba yi-Thrombin) kumphezulu we-flat, i-nanoscaled DNA origami nanobot. I-avareji iimolekyuli ezine zeThrombin zincanyathiselwe kumphezulu osicaba we DNA iphepha le-origami lobungakanani be-90nm nge-60nm. Eli phepha lisicaba lalisongwa njengephepha lisenza iinanobots zibumbe zibe ngumbhobho okroliweyo. Ezi nanobots zaye zatofwa kwimpuku (eye yabangelwa ukukhula kwethumba elibukhali), bahamba lonke igazi lifikelela kwaye libophelela ekujoliswe kulo - i-tumors. Ukujiya kwegazi ngaphakathi kweenqanawa ezitya ukukhula kwethumba, ukuvelisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwezicubu zethumba okanye ukufa kweseli. Yonke le nkqubo, enika umdla yenzeka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kwaye iinanobots zijikeleze ithumba kwiiyure nje zokutofwa. Ubungqina be-thrombosis ephezulu, kuzo zonke iiseli ze-tumor zabonwa emva kweeyure ze-36 zokutofa.
Ngapha koko, ababhali bathathele ingqalelo ukubandakanya umthwalo okhethekileyo kumphezulu we-nanobot (ebizwa ngokuba yi-DNA aptamer) eya kujolisa ngokukodwa iprotein, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nucleolin, eyenziwe ngezixa eziphezulu kuphela kumphezulu weeseli zethumba, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa. amathuba okuba i-nanobots ihlasele iiseli eziphilileyo ukuya kwi-zero. Ezi nanobots azizange zinciphise kwaye zibulale iiseli ze-tumor kodwa zithintele i-metastasis - ukukhula komhlaza wesibini kwindawo ekude.
Ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Ababhali bagxininisa ukuba i-nanobots ikhuselekile kwaye i-immunologically inert ukuze isetyenziswe kwiigundane kunye neehagu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-nanobots kubonisa ukuba akukho tshintsho kwi-coagulation yegazi eqhelekileyo kwenye indawo okanye isakhiwo seseli okanye nayiphi na i-breechinto ingqondo. Ke, zichongwe njengezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo ekujoliseni nasekunciphiseni amathumba ngaphandle kweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezingafunekiyo. Uninzi lwe-nanobots luye lwabonwa ukuba luhlazekile kwaye luhlanjululwe emzimbeni emva kweeyure ze-24. Nangona ii-nanobots zinokuthi ziyilwe 'kwi-nanobots'model ephindaphindayo, eqondakalayo ukugcina iindleko ziphantsi njengoko iikopi ezimbalwa zenziwe kwaye ezinye ii-nanobots zenziwe ngokwazo, kucacile ukuba indlela enjalo kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo. . Ngokubhekiselele kwintsimi yeyeza, i-switchproof yokubulala i-sidenge kufuneka ibe khona ukuze kugcinwe naziphi na iimeko ezigqithiseleyo. Zonke izinto xa zilinganisiwe, ukuphumelela kwe-nanobots kusizisa kwindawo engenakukhunjulwa kwaye ijonge kwii-nanobots zabo ezinokuthi zibe yinto ebalulekileyo yeyeza kwixesha elizayo.
Indlela efanayo inokusetyenziswa ebantwini njengoko ababhali bebonisile ukuba le nkqubo yavavanywa kwimodeli yomhlaza wemiphunga yempuku ephambili-elinganisa ikhosi yeklinikhi yomntu. umhlaza izigulana- kwaye wabonisa ukwehla kwethumba emva konyango lweeveki ezimbini. Kwakhona, ezi zifundo zenziwa kwiimpuku, kwaye kwiiveki ezimbini isiphumo esifanayo esibonakalayo kumhlaza wamabele, i-melanoma, i-ovarian kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga yabonwa kwizilwanyana. Uphononongo, nangona kunjalo kufuneka lwenziwe ebantwini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubakho kweziphumo ezifanayo kunye nolingo oluqinileyo lweklinikhi kufuneka lwenziwe ukuze kuphunyezwe okufanayo.
Indlela ekrelekrele kakhulu kwaye ejolise ekuhlaseleni umhlaza
Omnye wemingeni ephambili yonyango lomhlaza kukwahlula ngononophelo nangokuchanekileyo phakathi kweeseli zethumba lomhlaza kunye nesiqhelo, iiseli zomzimba ezisempilweni. Indlela yesiqhelo yokurhoxa kunye nokubulala iiseli zethumba - ichemotherapy kunye nonyango lweradiation- iyasilela ukujolisa kwiiseli zethumba ngokukhethayo ngaphandle kokunxibelelana neeseli zomzimba eziqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ichemotherapy kunye nonyango lweradiation ludla ngokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimandundu, zombini ezincinci nezinkulu, kubandakanya nomonakalo welungu okhokelela kunyango olwenzekileyo lomhlaza kwaye ke amazinga okuphila aphantsi phakathi kwabaguli. IiNanobots ezifana nezi zichazwe kolu phononongo zezokuqala-zohlobo lwayo kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinamandla kakhulu kwaye zisebenza kakuhle ekuchongeni iiseli zethumba kunye nokunciphisa ukukhula kunye nokwanda kwazo. Le nkqubo yerobhothi ye-DNA inokusetyenziselwa unyango oluchanekileyo nolujoliswe kuyo lomhlaza kwiindidi ezininzi zomhlaza, kuba zonke ithumba elomeleleyo lokutyisa imithambo yegazi ziyafana.
Olu phando luvule indlela yokuba ikamva liqalise ukucinga nokucwangcisa izisombululo ezisebenzayo zonyango kusetyenziswa inkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe. Eyona njongo yophando lomhlaza kukupheliswa ngempumelelo kwamathumba aqinileyo, ngaphandle kweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi kunye nokuncipha kwemetastasis. Ukujonga kolu phononongo, sibona ithemba elikhulu ngekamva apho esi sicwangciso sangoku sinokuba sifanelekile ukufezekisa eyona njongo iphambili yokulwa nomhlaza. Kwaye ayingomhlaza kuphela, esi sicwangciso sinokuphuhliswa njengeqonga lokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kunyango lwezinye izifo ezininzi kuba indlela iya kuba kukuhlengahlengisa ubume beenanobots kunye nokutshintsha imithwalo elayishiweyo. Kwakhona, iinanobots zinokusinceda ukuba siqonde ngakumbi ukuntsonkotha komzimba womntu nengqondo. Oku kuya kunceda ekwenzeni utyando olungenazintlungu kunye nolungenabungozi, nkqu nolona luntsokothileyo. Ngokuqikelelwa kweli nqanaba, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo iinanobots zinokusefa kwiiseli zengqondo kwaye zenze lonke ulwazi olunxulumeneyo olufunekayo kuphando olongezelelweyo. Kwixesha elizayo, masithi kumashumi amabini eminyaka ukususela ngoku, inaliti enye ye-nanobot ingakwazi ukunyanga izifo ngokupheleleyo.
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{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
Li S et al 2018. I-DNA nanorobot isebenza njengonyango lomhlaza ekuphenduleni i-molecular trigger in vivo. Nature Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4071
