Ukufunyanwa kokuQala kwe-Atmosphere yeSekondari ejikeleze i-Exoplanet  

Uphononongo olubandakanya imilinganiselo nguJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST) lucebisa ukuba i-exoplanet 55 Cancri e inomoya wesibini okhutshwe yi-magma ocean. Endaweni yelitye elinomphunga, i-atmosphere ingaba sisityebi kwi-CO2 kunye ne-CO. Esi sisihlandlo sokuqala sokubhaqwa kwe-atmosphere yesibini ejikeleze i-exoplanet enamatye kwaye ibalulekile kwisayensi ye-exoplanet kuba ukufunyanwa kunye nokutya kwe-atmosphere ecebileyo yegesi yiplanethi enamatye ngundoqo. ukuya kwindawo yokuhlala.  

Ii-exoplanets (oko kukuthi, iiplanethi ezingaphandle kwesixokelelwano sezijikelezi-langa) zezona ziphambili ekukhangeleni imisayino yobomi obungaphaya komhlaba. Ukufunyanwa kunye nokuchazwa kweempawu ze exoplanets kwiinkqubo zeenkwenkwezi zibalulekile kuphononongo lweeplanethi ezinokuhlalwa ezifana nomhlaba ezinemo engqongileyo kunye neemeko ezixhasa ukuxhasa ubomi.  

Ii-exoplanets zokuqala zafunyanwa ngo-1990. Ukusukela ngoko, ngaphezulu kwama-5000 eexoplanets afunyenwe kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo. Phantse zonke zafunyanwa kumnyele wasekhaya iMilky Way. An exoplanet kumnyele wangaphandle wafunyanwa okokuqala ngo-2021.     

Ii-exoplanets ezinendawo enamatye kunye nomoya wesibini zinomdla okhethekileyo kwizazi ngeenkwenkwezi kuba zinjalo exoplanets kusenokwenzeka ukuba iimeko ezifana nomhlaba. Umoya wesibini wenziwe ukusuka ekuphumeni kwezixhobo ezivaleleke kwingubo eshushu ukuya kumphezulu weplanethi. Kwiiplanethi ezisemhlabeni, umoya wokuqala owenziwe ngeegesi ezikhanyayo ezifana ne-hydrogen kunye ne-helium ekhunjulwe ngexesha lokuqala lokuyilwa komhlaba uyalahleka ngenxa yobushushu obusezantsi kunye nokubaleka kwesantya seplanethi.  

I-Exoplanet 55 Cancri e 

I-Exoplanet 55 Cancri e yi-exoplanet enamatye ashushu emi kumgama weminyaka engama-41 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni kwikroza loMhlaza. Ikakhulu inamatye anobushushu obulinganayo obumalunga ne-2,000 K, ijikeleza inkwenkwezi efana neLanga 55 Cancri kwaye ihlelwa njengoMhlaba omkhulu (kuba inodayamitha ephindwe kabini kunoMhlaba kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu kancinci). Ukubunjwa kwayo kunokwenzeka ukuba kufane neeplanethi ezinamatye kwi-solar system.   

Uphononongo lwangaphambili lwale exoplanet lucebise ubukho bomoya otyebileyo kwizinto eziguqukayo. Iziphumo azithandi ubukho buka-H₂/Waye walawula iatmosfera engundoqo kodwa ayikwazanga ukukhuphela ngaphandle amathuba okuba irhasi imvulophu yenziwe ngamatye afumileyo njengoko iplanethi ishushu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukujika kwamatye anyibilikisiweyo abe ngumphunga. Akunakwaziwa ukuba umoya wale exoplanet wesibini wenziwa ukusuka ekuphumeni kwezixhobo ezivaleleke kwingubo eshushu ukuya kumphezulu weplanethi.  

Umoya wesibini ukhula emva kweegesi ezikhaphukhaphu zakuqala (ubukhulu becala i-H₂ kwaye Yena) zilahlekile njengoko iplanethi iphola. Yenziwa ukusuka ekuphumeni kwamanzi ukusuka ngaphakathi ukuya kumphezulu weplanethi ngenxa yeentaba-mlilo okanye imisebenzi yetectonic. Ngokomzekelo, i-atmospheres yeVenus, uMhlaba kunye ne-Mars yi-atmospheric yesibini. Ubukho bomoya wesibini kwi-exoplanet bucebisa ngendaleko eyongezelelweyo yesijikelezi-langa senqanaba lakwangoko ekunokuhlaleka kulo.  

Uphando lwe-JWST lwe-exoplanet 55 Cancri e 

Imilinganiselo ye-thermal emission spectrum ye-exoplanet 55 Cancri e ngezixhobo ezikhwele i-James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ikhuphe i-atmosfera enokwenzeka ukuba yenziwe ngamatye afumileyo. Iziphumo ezitsha zibonisa ukuba i-atmosfera ikhutshiwe kulwandlekazi lwe-magma kwaye mhlawumbi isityebi kwi-CO₂ kunye ne-CO.  

Olu luphuhliso olubalulekileyo kwisayensi ye-exoplanet. Eli lixesha lokuqala ukuba i-exoplanet ifunyanwe ukuba ibe nomoya ojikelezayo owenziwe kwizinto eziphumayo ezivela ngaphakathi (i-atmosphere yesibini).  

Umhlaba, iVenus kunye ne-Mars kwisixokelelwano sethu selanga zagutyungelwa yi-magma ocean kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye nokudibana kwe-atmospheric, umphezulu kunye nengaphakathi. Yiyo loo nto uphuhliso olutsha lunokusinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono iimeko zangaphambili zoMhlaba, iVenus, kunye neMars kunye nendlela iplanethi enamatye efumana ngayo kwaye igcine umoya ozele yigesi, eyona mfuneko ingundoqo ukuze iplanethi ibe nokuhlaleka kuyo.  

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Iingxelo:  

1. JPL. Ii-Exoplanets-Amacebiso eWebb ye-NASA kwi-Atmosphere enokwenzeka engqonge i-Rocky Exoplanet. Ithunyelwe nge-8 kuMeyi 2024. Iyafumaneka e https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-webb-hints-at-possible-atmosphere-surrounding-rocky-exoplanet  

2. Hayi, R., okqhubekayo 2024. Umoya wesibini kwi-exoplanet enamatye 55 Cancri e. Indalo 630, 609-612. Ipapashwe: 08 May 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07432-x  

3. IYunivesithi yaseOregon. Amaphepha - Umoya weprayimari kunye nesekondari. Ifumaneka e https://pages.uoregon.edu/jschombe/ast121/lectures/lec14.html 

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