Umdyarho weNyanga 2.0: Yintoni eqhuba umdla ohlaziyiweyo kwimishini yenyanga?  

 Phakathi kwe-1958 kunye ne-1978, i-USA kunye ne-USSR yangaphambili yathumela i-59 kunye ne-58 yenyanga ngokulandelelanayo. Ugqatso lwenyanga phakathi kwezi zibini lwaphela ngo-1978. Ukuphela kwemfazwe ebandayo kunye nokuwa kweyayesakuba yiSoviet Union kunye nokuvela kolungelelwaniso olutsha lwezizwe ngezizwe ezininzi kubone umdla ohlaziyiweyo kwimishini yenyanga. Ngoku, ukongeza kwiimbangi zemveli zase-USA kunye neRashiya, amazwe amaninzi afana neJapan, i-China, i-Indiya, i-UAE, i-Israel, i-ESA, i-Luxembourg kunye ne-Itali ineenkqubo ezisebenzayo zenyanga. I-USA ilawula intsimi. Kwabangeneleli abatsha, i-China ne-Indiya zenze ukungenelela okubonakalayo kwaye zineenkqubo zamabhongo zenyanga ngokusebenzisana namahlakani. Ii-NASA's I-Artemis mission ijolise ekumiseni kwakhona ubukho bomntu enyangeni kunye nokuseka isiseko senyanga / iziseko zophuhliso kwixesha elizayo. I-China ne-Indiya nazo zinezicwangciso ezifanayo. Umdla ohlaziyiweyo kwimishini yenyanga kumazwe amaninzi uqhutywa kukusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa zenyanga, amanzi omkhenkce kunye. isithuba amandla (ingakumbi ilanga) kubunzulu isithuba indawo yokuhlala abantu kunye nokongeza iimfuno zamandla okukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukhuphiswano lobuchule phakathi kwabadlali abaphambili lunokufikelela kuvuthondaba isithuba Iingxabano kunye nezixhobo ze isithuba.  

Ukususela ngowe-1958 xa eyokuqala inyanga umsebenzi Uvulindlela 0 yasungulwa yi-USA, kukho malunga ne-137 inyanga imisebenzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Phakathi kuka-1958 kunye no-1978, i-USA yathumela abathunywa be-59 enyangeni ngelixa i-Soviet Union yangaphambili isungule i-58 yemishini yenyanga, idibene ngaphezu kwe-85% yazo zonke iimishini zenyanga. Yayibizwa ngokuba “lugqatso lwenyanga” okongama. La mazwe mabini abonise ngempumelelo imigama ephambili “yokufika kwenyanga ethambileyo” kunye “nesampulu yokubuyisela amandla”. NASA wahamba inyathelo elinye ngaphambili kwaye wabonisa "ikhono lokumisa abasebenzi" ngokunjalo. I-USA ihlala ililizwe ekukuphela kwalo elibonakalise isakhono sothumo lwenyanga.   

Emva kowe-1978, kwabakho ukuzola ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Akukho mishini yenyanga ithunyelweyo, kwaye “oyinyanga uhlanga” phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-USSR yangaphambili yaphela.  

Ngo-1990, iimishini zenyanga zaphinda zaqala ngenkqubo yaseJapan iMUSES. Ngoku, ukongeza kwiimbangi zemveli i-USA kunye neRussia (njengendlalifa ye-USSR yangaphambili eyawa ngo-1991); IJapan, iTshayina, iIndiya, i-UAE, i-Israel, i-ESA, iLuxembourg kunye ne-Italiya zineenkqubo ezisebenzayo zenyanga. Kwezi, i-China ne-Indiya zenze inkqubela ebonakalayo ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zazo zenyanga.  

Inkqubo yenyanga yaseTshayina yaqala ngo-2007 ngokuphehlelelwa kweChang'e 1. Ngo-2013, i-Chang'e 3 mission ibonise ukukwazi ukuhla okuthambileyo kwe-China. Uthumo lokugqibela lwase-China lwenyanga i-Chang'e 5 iphumelele "isampulu yokubuyisela amandla" ngo-2020. Ngoku, i-China ikwinkqubo yokuphehlelela abasebenzi. inyanga ubuthunywa. Inkqubo yenyanga yaseIndiya, kwelinye icala, yaqala ngo-2008 nge-Chandrayaan 1. Emva kwesithuba seminyaka eyi-11, i-Chandrayaan 2 yasungulwa ngo-2019 kodwa le mishini ayizange ikwazi ukufikelela kwi-lunar soft-landing capability. Nge23^rd Ngo-Agasti 2023, umhlali wenyanga waseIndiya Vikram of Chandrayaan-3 Imishini ngokukhuselekileyo ithambile yahlala kwindawo ephakamileyo yenyanga kwipali esemazantsi. Olu yayiluthumo lokuqala lwenyanga ukumisa kwincam yenyanga. Ngale nto, i-Indiya yaba lilizwe lesine (emva kwe-USA, i-Russia kunye ne-China) ukuba ibe namandla okufika enyangeni.  

Ukusukela ngo-1990 xa imisebenzi yenyanga yaqalayo kwakhona, inani lilonke labathunywa abangama-47 baye bathunyelwa inyanga ukuthi ga. Eli shumi leminyaka (okt, 2020s) lilodwa sele libone iimishini ezili-19 zenyanga. Abadlali abaphambili banezicwangciso zamabhongo. NASA ijonge ukwakha i-basecamp kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezinxulumene nenyanga ukuseka kwakhona ubukho bomntu enyangeni ngo-2025 phantsi kwenkqubo ye-Artemis ngokubambisana neCanada, i-ESA kunye ne-Indiya. I-Russia ibhengeze ukuba iza kuhlala kugqatso lwenyanga kulandela ukusilela kuthumo lwakhe lwamva nje lwe-Luna 25. I-China iza kuthumela i-mission yabasebenzi kwaye inezicwangciso zokuseka isikhululo sophando kwi-pool yenyanga emazantsi ngo-2029 ngokusebenzisana neRashiya. Imishini yaseChandrayaan yaseIndiya ithathwa njengenyathelo lokuya I-ISRO's ikamva phakathi kweeplanethi ubufundisi. Ezinye ezininzi zelizwe isithuba Ii-arhente zizama ukufezekisa imida yenyanga. Ngokucacileyo, kukho umdla ohlaziyiweyo kwimishini yenyanga kungoko kukho umbono we "Lunar Race 2.0" 

Kwakutheni ukuze kuhlaziywe umdla wezizwe kwimishini yenyanga?  

Iminqophiso yoku inyanga zithathwa njengamatye okunyathela ukuya phakathi kweeplanethi ubufundisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yenyanga kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kubukoloniyali bexesha elizayo isithuba (ukwenzeka kwe Ukuphela kobunzima kwixesha elizayo ngenxa yeentlekele zendalo ezifana nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo okanye impembelelo ye-asteroid okanye ngenxa yeemeko ezenziwe ngumntu ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu okanye ungquzulwano lwenyukliya okanye lwebhayoloji ayinakumiselwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukusasazeka ngaphandle isithuba ukuba yi-multi-iplanethi iintlobo zibalulekile ingqalelo ixesha elide phambi koluntu. Ii-NASA's Inkqubo ye-Artemis sesinye sesiqalo esibhekiselele kubukoloniyali bexesha elizayo isithuba). Ubunzulu isithuba ukuhlala kwabantu kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu ekufumaneni amandla okuxhaphaza amandla angaphandle komhlaba kunye nemithombo yezimbiwa kwisixokelelwano selanga ukuxhasa kunye nokugcina imisebenzi yabasebenzi kunye isithuba iindawo zokuhlala¹.   

Njengowona mzimba wezulu ukufuphi, inyanga inikeza iingenelo ezininzi. Ineentlobo ngeentlobo zeeminerali kunye nemathiriyeli enokusetyenziswa ukuvelisa iipropellants isithuba ezothutho, izibonelelo zamandla elanga, izityalo zoshishino kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala kwabantu². Amanzi abaluleke kakhulu kwindawo yokuhlala abantu ixesha elide isithuba. Kukho ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bomkhenkce wamanzi kwimimandla yepolar inyanga³ ukuba iziseko zenyanga zexesha elizayo zinokusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ukuhlala kwabantu. Amanzi angasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iipropellants zerokhethi ekuhlaleni kwi inyanga nto leyo eya kwenza ukuba ukuphononongwa kwendawo kube kuqoqosho. Ngenxa yobunzima bayo obuphantsi, inyanga inokusebenza njengendawo yokuphehlelela esebenzayo kwimishini mars neminye imizimba yasezulwini.  

inyanga Ukwanesakhono esikhulu “samandla asemajukujukwini” (oko kukuthi, imithombo yamandla asemajukujukwini) athembisa indlela eya phambili kwiimfuno zamandla ezikhulayo zokukhulisa uqoqosho lwehlabathi (ngokuncedisana nonikezelo lwamandla oluqhelekileyo eMhlabeni) kunye nesidingo sendawo engaphandle esekwe emajukujukwini. umthombo wamandla kuphononongo lwexesha elizayo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala emoyeni kunye nokukhanya okuninzi kwelanga, inyanga ikufanele kakhulu ukuseka izikhululo zamandla elanga ezizimeleyo kwibhayosphere yomhlaba eziya kubonelela ngamandla aphantsi nacocekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Abaqokeleli kumphezulu wenyanga banokuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube yi-microwave okanye i-laser enokuthunyelwa kubamkeli baseMhlabeni ukuba baguqulele ekubeni ngumbane.^4,5.  

Iinkqubo zasemajukujukwini ezinempumelelo zibophelela abemi kunye ngokweemvakalelo, ziqinise ubuzwe kwaye zibe yimithombo yokuzingca yesizwe nokuthand' izwe. Imishini yeLunar kunye neMartian ikwasebenzele amazwe ekufuneni nasekufumaneni amandla kwakhona kwiqumrhu lezizwe ngakumbi kulungelelwaniso olutsha lwehlabathi olunemimandla emininzi ukusukela ekupheleni kwemfazwe ebandayo kunye nokuwa kweUSSR. Inkqubo yenyanga yaseTshayina ngumzekelo⁶.  

Mhlawumbi, omnye wabaqhubi abaphambili bogqatso lwenyanga i-2.0 lukhuphiswano lobuchule phakathi kwe-United States kunye ne-China enebhongo kucwangco lwehlabathi elitsha. Kukho iinkalo ezimbini eziphambili zokhuphiswano: “abasebenzi mars ubuthunywa kunye neenkampu zenyanga” kunye “nezixhobo zendawo” okukhokelela kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ezisekelwe emajukujukwini/ iinkqubo zokhuselo.⁷. Ingcamango yobunini obuqhelekileyo bendawo yangaphandle inokuthi iphikiswe nguArtemis inyanga umsebenzi⁸ iqhutywe yi-USA kunye neqabane layo lamazwe ngamazwe elifana neKhanada, i-ESA kunye ne-Indiya. I-China ikwacwangcise umsebenzi ofanayo wabasebenzi kunye nesikhululo sophando kwi-lunar south pole ngokubambisana neRussia. Okubangela umdla kukuba, iChandrayaan 3 yaseIndiya isandula ukuthamba yahlala kwipali esezantsi yenyanga. Kukho imiqondiso yentsebenziswano phakathi kweIndiya neJapan kwimishini yexesha elizayo yenyanga.   

Ukhuphiswano lobuchule phakathi kwabadlali abaphambili ludityaniswe nokwanda kokungavisisani ngenxa yezinye iimeko (ezifana neengxabano zemida yaseTshayina neIndiya, iJapan, iTaiwan kunye namanye amazwe) kunamandla okuphembelela ungquzulwano emajukujukwini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwindawo engaphandle. Ubuchwephesha basemajukujukwini bunendalo esetyenziswa kabini kwaye bunokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zasemkhathini. Izixhobo zeLaser zeenkqubo zesithuba⁹ ibiya kuphazamisa ngokukodwa uxolo nemvisiswano yezizwe ngezizwe.  

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2308271  

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Iingxelo:  

1. Ambrose WA, Reilly JF, kunye noPeters DC, 2013. Imithombo yaMandla yokuHlaliswa kwaBantu kwiNkqubo yeSolar kunye nekamva lomhlaba kwi-Space. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/M1011336 

2. Ambrose WA 2013. Ukubaluleka koMkhenkce waManzi eLunar kunye nezinye izixhobo zeMineral for Rocket Propellants kunye nokuHlaliswa koLuntu lweNyanga. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/13361567M1013540   

3. Li S., okqhubekayo 2018. Ubungqina obuthe ngqo bomkhenkce wamanzi ongaphezulu obonakalisiweyo kwimimandla ye-polar yenyanga. Umhlaba, i-atmospheric, kunye nePlanethi yeSayensi. Agasti 20, 2018, 115 (36) 8907-8912. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802345115  

4. Criswell DR 2013. I-Sun-Moon-Earth Solar-Earth Power System yaMandla ukuvulela iNkcubeko yoMntu eNganamda. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/13361570M1013545 & neLunar Solar Power System DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/45.489729  

5. Zhang T., okqhubekayo 2021. Uphononongo lwamandla asemajukujukwini. I-Applied Energy Volume 292, 15 Juni 2021, 116896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116896  

6. Lagerkvist J., 2023. Ukunyaniseka kwiSizwe: UkuHlola kweNyanga kunye noMartian kuBukhulu obungapheliyo. Ipapashwe nge-22 ka-Agasti 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40037-7_4 

7. Zanidis T., 2023. Umdyarho weNdawo eNtsha: Phakathi kwaMandla amakhulu eXesha lethu. Umqulu. 4 No. 1 (2023): HAPSc Policy Briefs Series. Ipapashwe: Jun 29, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.35187 

8. Hanssen, SGL 2023. Ujoliso lweNyanga: Ukuphonononga ukubaluleka kweGeopolitical yeNkqubo ye-Artemis. UiT Munin. Ifumaneka e https://hdl.handle.net/10037/29664  

9. I-Adkison, i-TCL 2023. I-Laser Weaponization Technologies ye-Space Systems kwi-Outer Space Warfare: Uphononongo olufanelekileyo. IiDissertations zeYunivesithi yaseColorado. Ifumaneka e https://www.proquest.com/openview/a982160c4a95f6683507078a7f3c946a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y  

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