Inkqunto inendalo emibini; yonke into ikhona njengesuntswana kunye namaza. Kwiqondo lobushushu elikufutshane no-zero ngokupheleleyo, indalo yamaza e-athomu ibonwa yimitha ekuluhlu olubonakalayo. Kobu bushushu buqhaqhazelisa amazinyo kuluhlu lwe-nanoKelvin, iiathom ziyadibana zibe yinto enye enkulu kwaye itshintshela kwimo yesihlanu ebizwa ngokuba yiBose Eisenstein Condensate (BEC) eziphatha njengamaza kwipakethi enkulu. Njengawo onke amaza, iiathom kweli lizwe zibonisa isenzeko sokuphazamiseka kwaye iipateni zokuphazamiseka kwamaza eathom zinokuphononongwa kwiilabhoratri. Ii-interferometers ze-atom ezifakwe kwindawo ye-microgravity yendawo zisebenza njengenzwa echanekileyo kakhulu kwaye zinika ithuba lokulinganisa ezona santya zikhawulezayo zibuthathaka. Isikhenkcisi esincinci esinobungakanani beLebhu yeAtom yeAthom (CAL) ejikeleza uMhlaba kwiSikhululo saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISS) liziko lophando lophononongo lweegesi ezibanda kakhulu ezibandayo kwindawo yemicrogravity yendawo. Yaphuculwa ngeAtom Interferometer kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Ngokwengxelo epapashwe nge-13 ka-Agasti ka-2024), abaphandi baqhube ngempumelelo imifuniselo ye-pathfinder. Banokulinganisa ukungcangcazela kwe-ISS besebenzisa i-interferometer ye-pulse emithathu ye-Mach-Zehnder kwibhodi ye-CAL. Eli yayilixesha lokuqala inzwa ye-quantum isetyenziselwe esikhaleni ukubona utshintsho kwindawo ekufutshane. Uvavanyo lwesibini lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-Ramsey shear-wave interferometry ukubonakalisa iipateni zokuphazamiseka kwindlela enye. Iipateni ziye zabonwa ngaphezulu kwe-150 ms ixesha lokwandiswa kwasimahla. Lo yayingowona mboniso mde wendalo yamaza eathom ekuweni okukhululekileyo esithubeni. Iqela lophando liphinde lalinganisa i-Bragg laser photon recoil njengomboniso wokuqala we-quantum sensor usebenzisa i-athomu interferometry kwindawo. Ezi nkqubela zibalulekile. Njengezona zivamvo zichanekileyo, i-interferometers esekwe kwisithuba se-ultracold atom inokulinganisa i-acceleration ebuthathaka kakhulu kungoko inika amathuba okuba abaphandi baphonononge imibuzo (enje nge-dark matter kunye namandla amnyama, matter-anti-matter asymmetry, ukumanyana komxhuzulane namanye amacandelo) ukuba i-General Relativity kunye noMgangatho oMgangatho we-particle physics ayinakuchaza kwaye igcwalise umsantsa ekuqondeni kwethu kwendalo.
Amaza abonisa isenzeko sophazamiseko, oko kukuthi, amaza amabini okanye ngaphezulu ahambelanayo adibanisa ukukhupha amaza anesiphumo esinokuba ne-amplitude ephezulu okanye esezantsi ngokuxhomekeke kwizigaba zamaza okudibanisa. Kwimeko yokukhanya, sibona amaza aphumayo ngendlela yobumnyama kunye nemiphetho ekhanyayo.
I-Interferometry yindlela yokulinganisa iimpawu usebenzisa i-phenomenon yokuphazamiseka. Kubandakanya ukwahlula i-wave yesiganeko ibe yimiqadi emibini ehamba iindlela ezahlukeneyo emva koko idibanise ukwenza isiphumo sokuphazamiseka kwepateni okanye imiphetho (kwimeko yokukhanya). Isiphumo sokuphazamiseka kwesiphumo sinovakalelo kwiinguqu kwiimeko zeendlela zokuhamba zeeplanga, umzekelo, naluphi na utshintsho kubude bendlela yokuhamba okanye kuyo nayiphi na intsimi ngokubhekiselele kwi-wavelength inefuthe kwipatheni yokuphazamiseka kwaye ingasetyenziselwa imilinganiselo.
de Broglie wave okanye umcimbi wave
Inkqunto inendalo emibini; ikhona zombini njengesuntswana kunye namaza. Isuntswana ngalinye elishukumayo okanye into inophawu lwamaza olunikezwe ngu-De Broglie Equation
λ = h/mv = h/p = h/√3mKT
apho u-λ bubude obungaguqukiyo, u-h bubume be-Planck, m bubunzima, v yisantya sesuntswana, i-p yisantya, i-K yiBoltzmann engatshintshiyo, kunye no-T bubushushu kwi-Kelvin.
I-thermal de Broglie wavelength ithelekisa ngokuphambeneyo kwingcambu yeqondo lobushushu kwi kelvin intsingiselo λ izakuba nkulu kubushushu obusezantsi.
Uphononongo lwamaza eathom abandayo kakhulu
Kwiathom eqhelekileyo, ubude bobude be-Broglie kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi bungolandelelwano lwe-angstrom (10).-10 m) oko. 0.1 nanometer (1 nm=10-9 m). Imitha yobude obunikiweyo inokusombulula iinkcukacha kuluhlu lobungakanani obufanayo. Ukukhanya akukwazi ukusombulula iinkcukacha ezincinci kunobude bako ngoko ke iathom eqhelekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi ayinakubonakaliswa kusetyenziswa ukukhanya okubonakalayo okunobude obumalunga ne-400 nm ukuya kuma-700 nm. I-X-reyi inokwenza ngenxa yobude bayo boluhlu lwe-angstrom kodwa amandla ayo aphezulu atshabalalisa kwaiathom ekumele ukuba izijongile. Ngoko ke, isisombululo silele ekunciphiseni ubushushu be-athomu (ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-10-6 kelvin) ukuze amaza ka-Broglie amaza eathom anyuke kwaye athelekiseke namaza okukhanya okubonakalayo. Kubushushu be-ultracold, indalo yamaza e-athomu iyalinganiseka kwaye ifanelekile kwi-interferometry.
Njengoko ubushushu beeathom buncitshiswa ngakumbi kuluhlu lwenanokelvin (10-9 kelvin) uluhlu ukuya malunga ne-400 nK, i-atomic bosons inguquko ukuya kwimeko yesihlanu yelizwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Bose-Einstein condensate (BCE). Kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu kufutshane neqanda xa iintshukumo zobushushu zamasuntswana zingahoywanga ngokugqithisileyo, iiathom ziyadibana zibe yinto enye enkulu eziphatha njengamaza kwipakethi enkulu. Le meko yeeathom inika ithuba kubaphandi ukuba bafunde iinkqubo ze-quantum kwisikali esikhulu. I-athomu yokuqala ye-BCE yadalwa ngo-1995 kwigesi ye-athom ye-rubidium. Ukusukela ngoko, le ndawo ibone uphuculo oluninzi kwitekhnoloji. I imolekyuli BEC iimolekyuli ze-NaCs zisandula ukudalwa kwiqondo lobushushu le-ultracold le-5 nanoKelvin (nK).
Iimeko ze-Microgravity esithubeni zingcono kuphando lwe-quantum mechanical
Umxhuzulane kwiilabhoratri ezisekwe emhlabeni ufuna ukusetyenziswa kwetrap magnetic ukubamba iiathom endaweni yokupholisa okusebenzayo. Umxhuzulane ukwanciphisa ixesha lokusebenzisana kunye nee-BECs kwiilabhoratri zomhlaba. Ukwenziwa kwee-BECs kwi-microgravity environment of the space-based laboratories yoyisa le mida. Ubume be-Microgravity bunokunyusa ixesha lokusebenzisana kunye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwintsimi esetyenzisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela inkxaso engcono yophando lwe-quantum mechanical. Ii-BCes ngoku zisenziwa ngokwesiqhelo phantsi kweemeko zemicrogravity esithubeni.
ILebhu yeAthom ebandayo (CAL) kwiSikhululo saMajukujuku saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISS)
I-Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) liziko lophando labasebenzisi abaninzi elisekelwe kwiSikhululo seNdawo saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISS) kuphononongo lweegesi ze-ultra-cold quantum kwimo engqongileyo ye-microgravity yendawo. I-CAL isetyenziswa ukude ukusuka kwiziko lokusebenza kwiJet Propulsion Laboratory.
Kule ndawo isekelwe kwindawo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ube namaxesha okuqwalasela ngaphezu kwemizuzwana ye-10 kunye namaqondo okushisa angaphantsi kwe-100 picoKelvin (1 pK = 10-12 Kelvin) kuphononongo lwe-quantum phenomena.
I-Cold Atom Lab yasungulwa ngomhla we-21 ngoMeyi 2018 kwaye yafakwa kwi-ISS ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi 2018. I-Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) yenziwe kule ndawo esekelwe kwindawo ngoJulayi 2018. Eli yayilixesha lokuqala; imo yesihlanu yenkqunto yadalwa kumjikelezo woMhlaba. Emva kwexesha, indawo yaphuculwa emva kokuthunyelwa kwee-interferometers ze-athomu ye-ultracold.
I-CAL iphumeze izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kule minyaka yakutshanje. I-Rubidium Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) yaveliswa emajukujukwini ngo-2020. Kwaye kwaboniswa ukuba imeko-bume ye-microgravity inenzuzo kumfuniselo we-athom ebandayo.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, ngo-2023, abaphandi bavelisa iintlobo ezimbini ze-BEC ezenziwe ngazo 87Rb kunye 41K kunye nokubonisa i-interferometry yeathom ngaxeshanye kunye neentlobo ezimbini zeathom okokuqala ngqa emajukujukwini kwiziko leLebhu yeAtom ebandayo. Ezi mpumelelo bezibalulekile kuvavanyo lwequantum ye-universality of free fall (UFF) emajukujukwini.
Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwitekhnoloji ye-quantum esekwe kwindawo
Ngokwengxelo epapashwe nge-13 ka-Agasti 2024), abaphandi baqeshe 87I-athomu ze-Rb kwi-interferometer ye-athomu ye-CAL kwaye yenze ngempumelelo imifuniselo emithathu yokufumana iindlela. Banokulinganisa ukungcangcazela kwe-ISS besebenzisa i-interferometer ye-pulse emithathu ye-Mach-Zehnder kwibhodi ye-CAL. Eli yayilixesha lokuqala inzwa ye-quantum isetyenziselwe esikhaleni ukubona utshintsho kwindawo ekufutshane. Uvavanyo lwesibini lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweRamsey shear-wave interferometry ukubonakalisa iipateni zokuphazamiseka kwindlela enye. Iipateni ziye zabonwa ngaphezulu kwe-150 ms ixesha lokwandiswa kwasimahla. Lo yayingowona mboniso mde wendalo yamaza eathom ekuweni okukhululekileyo esithubeni. Iqela lophando liphinde lalinganisa i-Bragg laser photon recoil njengomboniso wokuqala we-quantum sensor usebenzisa i-athomu interferometry kwindawo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-ultracold atom interferometers ezifakwe emajukujukwini
Ii-athom interferometers zibophelela ubume be-athom kwaye zinovakalelo olugqithisileyo kutshintsho lwesantya okanye imimandla kungoko zinezicelo njengezixhobo ezichanekileyo. Ii-interferometers ze-athomu ezisekelwe emhlabeni zisetyenziselwa ukufunda umxhuzulane kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuhamba phambili.
I-interferometers ye-athomu esekwe kwisithuba ineengenelo zokuzingisa kokusingqongileyo kwe-microgravity ebonelela ngeemeko zokuwa simahla ezinempembelelo encinci kakhulu yamasimi. Ikwanceda i-Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) ifikelele kumaqondo obushushu abandayo kuluhlu lwepicoKelvin kwaye lukhona ixesha elide. Isiphumo somnatha sikwandiswa kwexesha lokuphonononga kungoko kunethuba elingcono lokufunda. Oku kunika ii-interferometers ze-athom ze-ultracold ezifakwe emajukujukwini kunye nesakhono somlinganiselo ophezulu wokuchaneka kwaye zizenze izinzwa eziphezulu.
I-interferometers ye-athomu ye-athomu ye-Ultracold efakwe emajukujukwini inokubona iinguqulelo ezifihlakeleyo kubunzima obubonisa ukuguquguquka koxinaniso. Oku kunokunceda ekufundeni ukubunjwa kwemizimba yeplanethi kunye naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu.
Umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuchaneka komxhuzulane unokunceda ukuqonda ngcono izinto ezimnyama kunye namandla amnyama kunye nokuphononongwa kwamandla afihlakeleyo angaphaya koBudlelwane ngokuBanzi kunye noMfuziselo oMgangatho ochaza ummandla wendalo obonakalayo.
Unxulumano Jikelele kunye noMfuziselo oMgangatho ziithiyori ezimbini ezichaza indalo iphela enokubonwa. Imodeli eqhelekileyo yefiziksi yesuntswana ngokwesiseko ithiyori ye-quantum. Ichaza kuphela i-5% yendalo yonke, i-95% eseleyo kwiifom ezimnyama (izinto ezimnyama kunye namandla amnyama) esingaziqondi. Umzekelo oMgangatho awunakuchaza into emnyama kunye namandla amnyama. Ayinakuchaza into-antimatter asymmetry ngokunjalo. Ngokufanayo, umxhuzulane awukwazanga ukumanyaniswa namanye amasimi. Ubunyani bendalo iphela abuchazwanga ngokupheleleyo ngeethiyori kunye nemizekelo yangoku. Ii-accelerators ezinkulu kunye ne-observatories azikwazi ukukhanyisa uninzi lwezi mfihlelo zendalo. Njengezona zinzwa ezichanekileyo, i-interferometers ye-athomu ye-ultracold inikezela ngamathuba okuba abaphandi bahlolisise le mibuzo ukuze bazalise isithuba ekuqondeni kwethu indalo yonke.
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Iingxelo:
- Meystre, Pierre 1997. Xa iiathom ziba ngamaza. Ifumaneka e https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/pmeystre/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2016/03/when-atoms.pdf
- NASA. Ilebhu yeAtom ebandayo-iMishini yendalo yonke. Ifumaneka e https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cold-atom-laboratory-cal & https://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/
- Aveline, DC, et al. Uqwalaselo lwe-Bose-Einstein i-condensates kwilebhu yophando ejikeleza umhlaba. Indalo 582, 193-197 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2346-1
- Elliott, ER, Aveline, DC, Bigelow, NP et al. Imixube yegesi yequantum kunye neentlobo ezimbini ze-athom interferometry esithubeni. Indalo 623, 502-508 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06645-w
- UWilliams, JR, okqhubekayo 2024. Uvavanyo lwePathfinder nge-atom interferometry kwiLebhu yeAtom ebandayo ekwiSikhululo saMajukujuku saMazwe ngaMazwe. Nat Commun 15, 6414. Ipapashwe: 13 Agasti 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50585-6 . Ushicilelo lwangaphambili https://arxiv.org/html/2402.14685v1
- I-NASA ibonisa iSensor ye-'Ultra-Cool' ye-Quantum okokuqala kwisithuba. Ipapashwe nge-13 ka-Agasti 2024.Ifumaneka e https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-demonstrates-ultra-cool-quantum-sensor-for-first-time-in-space
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