Uhlalutyo lwe-Spectral ye-galaxy ekhanyayo i-JADES-GS-z14-0 esekwe kuqwalaselo olwenziwe ngoJanuwari ka-2024 luveze i-redshift ye-14.32 eyenza ukuba ibe ngowona mnyele ukude waziwa (iminyele ekude kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuba yi-JADES-GS-z13-0 kwindawo ebomvu. ye-z = 13.2). Yasekwa kwindalo yokuqala malunga nezigidi ezingama-290 zeminyaka emva kweBig Bang. Ubungakanani obukhulu bokukhanya kwenkwenkwezi kuthetha ukuba bukhulu kwaye kungaphezu kweminyaka yokukhanya kwe-1,600 ububanzi. Umnyele oqaqambileyo, omkhulu kunye nomkhulu kwindalo iphela ekuqaleni kokusa kwe-cosmic ayichasanga ukuqonda kwangoku ukuyilwa kweminyele. Iinkwenkwezi zokuqala kwindalo iphela yayiziinkwenkwezi zePop III ezinoziro-zentsimbi okanye ezinentsimbi ephantsi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lweepropathi ze-infrared ze-JADES-GS-z14-0 kumnyele lutyhila ubukho beoksijini nto leyo ethetha ukutyebisa ngesinyithi okuthetha ukuba izizukulwana zeenkwenkwezi ezinkulu sele zigqibile izifundo zazo zobomi ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu malunga nezigidi ezingama-290 zeminyaka kwindalo iphela. Ngaloo ndlela, iimpawu zalo mnyele ziyangqubana nendlela ekhoyo ngoku yokwakheka kweminyele kwindalo yokuqala.
Indalo yamandulo, malunga neminyaka engama-380,000 emva kweBig Bang, yayizaliswe ziigesi ze-ioned kwaye yayiyi-opaque ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokusasazwa kweefotoni ngee-electron zasimahla. Oku kwalandelwa lixesha lokungathathi hlangothi kwindalo yokuqala eyathatha iminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezingama-400. Ngeli xesha, indalo iphela yayingathathi cala yaye yayingafihli nto. Ukukhanya kokuqala kwavela kwindalo iphela kusiba sobala, kwaba bomvu kwatshintshelwa kuluhlu lwe microwave ngenxa yokwanda, kwaye ngoku kubonwa njengeCosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Ngenxa yokuba indalo iphela yayizaliswe ziigesi ezingathathi hlangothi, akukho mqondiso wokukhanya okhutshwayo (kungoko kuthiwa bubudala bobumnyama). Izixhobo ezingenayo i-ionized azikhuphi kukhanya kungoko kunzima ekufundeni indalo yokuqala yexesha elingathathi hlangothi. Nangona kunjalo, imitha ye-microwave ye-21 cm ubude (ehambelana ne-1420 MHz) ekhutshwa yi-hydrogen ebandayo, engathathi hlangothi ye-cosmic ngeli xesha ngenxa yenguqu ye-hyperfine ukusuka kwi-parallel spin ukuya kwi-spin echasene ne-parallel ezinzileyo inika amathuba kwizazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Le mitha ye-microwave eyi-21 cm iya kutshintshwa ngokubomvu xa ifika emhlabeni kwaye iya kujongwa kumaza omoya angama-200MHz ukuya kwi-10 MHz njengamaza erediyo. I REACH (Uvavanyo lweRadio loHlalutyo lweCosmic Hydrogen) Uvavanyo lujolise ekuboneni umgca we-21-cm onzima ovela kwiCosmic Hydrogen.
Ixesha lokuphinda liphinde liphinde libe lithuba elilandelayo kwimbali yendalo iphela elathatha malunga nezigidi ezingama-400 zeminyaka emva kweBig Bang ukuya kwiminyaka eyibhiliyoni enye. Iigesi ziye zaphinda za-ionized ngenxa yamandla aphezulu emitha ye-UV ekhutshwa ziinkwenkwezi zakuqala ezinamandla. Ukwenziwa kweminyele kunye neequasars kwaqala ngeli xesha. Izibane zeli xesha zibomvu zitshintshelwe kuluhlu olubomvu kunye ne-infrared. Izifundo ezinzulu zeHuble zazisisiqalo esitsha kuphononongo lwendalo iphela kodwa umda wayo ekubambeni izibane zakuqala wawulinganiselwe. Kwakufuneka i-infrared observatory esesithubeni. I-JWST igxile kakhulu kwi-infrared astronomy ukuya ukufunda indalo yokuqala.
Itheyibhuli yendawo kaJames Webb (IJWST) yaziswa nge-25 kaDisemba 2021. Emva koko, i-tt yafakwa kwi-orbit kufuphi ne-Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point malunga ne-1.5 yesigidi seekhilomitha ukusuka emhlabeni. Iqale ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo ngoJulayi 2022. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo eziphambili zenzululwazi kwibhodi ezifana ne-NIRCam (Kufuphi neKhamera ye-Infrared), i-NIRSpec (iNear Infrared Spectrograph), i-MIRI (i-Mid-Infrared Instrument), i-JWST ikhangela imiqondiso ye-optical/infrared evela kwiinkwenkwezi zokuqala kunye neminyele. ebunjwe kwiNdawo yonke ukuze kuqondwe ngcono ukubunjwa kunye nokuvela kweminyele kunye nokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi kunye neenkqubo zeplanethi. Kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, iye yavelisa iziphumo ezinomdla kuphononongo lwe-cosmic dawn (oko kukuthi, ixesha kumakhulu ambalwa ezigidi zokuqala zeminyaka emva kogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu apho kwazalwa khona iminyele yokuqala).
Inkqubo yeJWST yoPhando oluNzulu lweNzululwazi eyongezelelweyo (JADES).
Le nkqubo ijolise ekufundeni ukuvela kweminyele ukusuka kwi-redshift ephezulu ukuya kwi-cosmic emini ngomfanekiso we-infrared kunye ne-spectroscopy kwiindawo ezinzulu ze-GOODS-S kunye ne-GOODS-N.
Kunyaka wokuqala, abaphandi beJADES badibana namakhulu eminyele yeminyele kwiminyaka yokuqala eyi-650 yezigidi emva kogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, bafumana umnyele kwidatha yabo ebonakala ngathi ikwindawo ebomvu yokutshintsha kwe-14 ebonisa ukuba kufuneka ibe mnyele okude kakhulu kodwa wawuqaqambe kakhulu. Kwakhona, yabonakala iyinxalenye yomnye umnyele ngenxa yokuba kufuphi. Yiyo loo nto, baye baqaphela loo nzuzo ngo-Okthobha ka-2023. Idatha entsha ixhase ukuba kukutshintsha okubomvu kwe-14. I-spectrum yalo mnyele yayifuneka ukuze kuchongwe indawo yeLyman-alpha break kwi-spectrum ukulinganisa utshintsho olubomvu kunye nokumisela ubudala.
I-Lyman-alpha ngumgca we-spectral emission ye-hydrogen kwi-series ye-Lyman xa ii-electron ziguquka ukusuka ku-n = 2 ukuya ku-n = 1. Inqaku leLyman-alpha yoqhawulo kwispectrum ihambelana nobude obuqatshelweyo (λya phawula). Ishifti ebomvu (z) ingabalwa ngokwefomula z = (λya phawula – λkuphumla) / λkuphumla
I-JADES-GS-z14-0 umnyele
Ngokufanelekileyo, umnyele wabonwa kwakhona ngoJanuwari 2024 kusetyenziswa i-NIRCam (Kufuphi nekhamera ye-Infrared) kunye ne-NIRSpec (Kufuphi ne-Infrared Spectrograph). Uhlalutyo lwe-Spectral lunike ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba umnyele ubukwi-redshift ye-14.32, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ube ngowona mnyele umde owaziwayo (irekhodi elingaphambili leminyele ekude kakhulu (JADES-GS-z13-0 kwi-redshift ye-z = 13.2) kwathiwa yi-JADES -GS-z14-0, umnyele okhanyayo kumgama we-13.5 billion ukukhanya iminyaka ngaphezulu kobukhulu obubonisa ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezincinci zingumthombo wokukhanya kwawo Akulindelekanga ukuba umnyele okhoyo ube ngaphantsi kwezigidi ezingama-1,600 emva kweBig Bang ukuba ube neempawu ezinjalo.
Kwakukho izinto ezongezelelekileyo ezazilindelwe.
Abaphandi bakwazi ukufumanisa i-JADES-GS-z14-0 kumaza amade amade usebenzisa i-MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument). Oku kuthetha ukuba kuthathwe ukukhutshwa koluhlu olubonakalayo lokukhanya ukusuka kulo mnyele oye watshintshwa ngokubomvu ukuze ube ngaphandle koluhlu lwezixhobo ezikufutshane ne-infrared. Uhlalutyo lubonakalise ubukho beoksijini eyonisiweyo ebonisa ukuqina kwesinyithi. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa izizukulwana ezininzi zeenkwenkwezi sele ziphila ubomi bazo.
Iinkwenkwezi zokuqala kwindalo iphela zinentsimbi enguziro okanye zinesinyithi esiphantsi kakhulu. Babizwa ngokuba ziinkwenkwezi zePop III okanye iinkwenkwezi zePopulation III. Iinkwenkwezi ezisezantsi zentsimbi ziinkwenkwezi zePop II. Iinkwenkwezi ezincinci zinemixholo yentsimbi ephezulu kwaye zibizwa ngokuba yi "Pop I stars" okanye iinkwenkwezi zentsimbi yelanga. Ngomgangatho ophezulu we-1.4% wesinyithi, ilanga yinkwenkwezi yakutshanje. Kwi-astronomy, nayiphi na into enzima kune-helium ithathwa njengesinyithi. Iikhemikhali ezingezizo iintsimbi ezifana neoksijini, initrogen, njl.njl zisinyithi ngokwemeko yecosmological. Iinkwenkwezi zifumana isinyithi kwisizukulwana ngasinye emva kwesiganeko se-supernova. Ukwandisa umxholo wesinyithi kwiinkwenkwezi kubonisa ubudala obuncinane.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo ubudala bomnyele iJADES-GS-z14-0 ingaphantsi kwezigidi ezingama-300 zeminyaka emva kweBig Bang, iinkwenkwezi kulo mnyele kufuneka zibe ziinkwenkwezi zePop III ezinomxholo wesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, i-MIRI yeJWST ifumene ubukho beoksijini.
Ngokubhekiselele koku kuqwalaselwe ngasentla kunye neziphumo, iipropati ze-galaxy yokuqala yendalo yonke i-JADES-GS-z14-0 ayihambelani nokuqonda kwangoku kokuqulunqwa kwegalaksi. Kwenzeka njani ukuba umnyele onezi mpawu uchazwe ukuba wawukho kwiminyaka engama-290 ezigidi emva kweBing Bang? Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iminyele emininzi enjalo inokufunyanwa kwixesha elizayo. Mhlawumbi iintlobo ngeentlobo zeminyele zazikho kwiCosmic Dawn.
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Iingxelo:
- Carniani, S., okqhubekayo. 2024. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Spectroscopic yeegalaksi ezimbini ezikhanyayo kwi-redshift ye-14. Indalo (2024). Ipapashwe nge-24 kaJulayi 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9 . Shicilela kwangaphambili kwi-axRiv. Ingeniswe nge-28 kaMeyi 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.18485
- Helton JM, okqhubekayo 2024. Ukufumanisa i-JWST / MIRI photometric kwi-7.7 μm ye-stellar continuum kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-nebular kwi-galaxy kwi-z> 14. Shicilela kwangaphambili kwi-axRiv. Ingeniswe nge-28 kaMeyi 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.18462
- I-NASA kaJames Webb Space Telescope. Iimbalasane zakwangoko-i-NASA kaJames Webb Space Telescope ifumana eyona Galaxy eyaziwayo ikude. Ithunyelwe nge-30 kuMeyi 2024. Ifumaneka apha https://webbtelescope.org/contents/early-highlights/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-finds-most-distant-known-galaxy
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