IMozulu yeSithuba, iziphazamiso zoMoya weSola kunye nokugqabhuka kweRadio

solar umoya, umjelo wamasuntswana atshajisiweyo ombane aphuma kumaleko we-atmospheric yangaphandle ye-Corona yeLanga, ubeka isoyikiso kuhlobo lobomi kunye nobuchwepheshe bombane obusekelwe kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Imagnethi yomhlaba ikhusela kwizinto ezingenayo yelanga moya ngokubaphambukisa. Ngokugqithisileyo yelanga iziganeko ezifana nokukhutshelwa kweplasma etshajiweyo ngombane kwi-corona yeLanga kudala ukuphazamiseka yelanga umoya. Ngoko ke, ukufunda ukuphazamiseka kwiimeko ze yelanga umoya (obizwayo isithuba weather) kunyanzelekile. I-Coronal Mass Ejection (CMEs), ikwabizwa ngokuba 'yelanga iiqhwithi' okanye 'isithuba izaqhwithi 'zinxulunyaniswa ne yelanga unomathotholo ukugqabhuka. Ukufunda kwe yelanga ukugqabhuka koonomathotholo kwiindawo zokuphonononga zikanomathotholo kunokunika umbono malunga neeCME kunye neemeko zomoya welanga. Uphononongo lokuqala lweenkcukacha-manani (olupapashwe kutsha nje) lwe-446 yohlobo lwe-IV olurekhodiweyo lokugqabhuka kwerediyo ebonwe kumjikelo wokugqibela welanga 24 (umjikelo ngamnye ubhekiselele kutshintsho kwimagnethi yeLanga rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-11), bafumanise ukuba uninzi lweXesha elide lohlobo lwe-IV lwerediyo. solar Ukuqhuma kwakukhatshwa yiCoronal Mass Ejection (CMEs) kunye nokuphazamiseka kwiimeko zomoya welanga. 

Kanye ngendlela imozulu eMhlabeni ichatshazelwa ngayo kukuphazamiseka komoya, isithuba imozulu' ichatshazelwa luphazamiseko 'lomoya welanga'. Kodwa ukufana kuphelela apha. Ngokungafaniyo nomoya oseMhlabeni owenziwe ngomoya oquka iigesi zasemoyeni ezifana nenitrogen, ioksijini njl. njl. iatmosfera yelanga kuwo onke amacala kuquka kwicala loMhlaba.   

Ilanga ngowona mthombo wamandla obomi eMhlabeni kungoko uhlonitshwa kwiinkcubeko ezininzi njengomniki wobomi. Kodwa kukho nelinye icala. Umoya welanga, umjelo oqhubekayo wamasuntswana atshajisiweyo ngombane (oko kukuthi iplasma) evela kwiatmosfera yelanga ibeka isoyikiso kubomi basemhlabeni. Ngenxa yemagnethi yomhlaba ephambukisa uninzi lomoya we-ionizing welanga (eMhlabeni) kunye neatmosfera yoMhlaba efunxa uninzi lwemitha eseleyo ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngokhuseleko kwimitha ye-ionizing. Kodwa kukho ngakumbi kuyo - ukongeza kwisoyikiso kwiifom zobomi bebhayoloji, umoya welanga nawo ubeka isoyikiso kumbane kunye neteknoloji eqhutywa kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Iinkqubo zombane kunye nekhompyuter, iigridi zamandla, imibhobho yeoli kunye negesi, i-telecom, unxibelelwano lukanomathotholo kubandakanya uthungelwano lwefowuni ephathwayo, GPS, isithuba imisebenzi kunye neenkqubo, unxibelelwano ngesathelayithi, i-intanethi njl.njl. – zonke ezi zinokuphazamiseka kwaye zimiswe ziphazamiseke ngenxa yokuphazamiseka komoya welanga.¹. Oosomajukujuku kunye neziphekepheke zisemngciphekweni ngakumbi. Bekukho iimeko ezininzi zoku kwixesha elidlulileyo, umzekelo, ngoMatshi ka-1989 'I-Quebec Blackout' eCanada okubangelwe ngenxa yokudangala okukhulu kwelanga konakalise kakubi igridi yamandla. Ezinye iisathelayithi nazo zonakaliswe. Ke ngoko, kunyanzelekile ukuba uhlale ujonge iimeko zomoya welanga kwindawo ekufutshane noMhlaba - indlela iimpawu zayo ezifana nesantya kunye noxinzelelo, amandla kazibuthe amandla kunye nokuqhelaniswa, kunye namanqanaba amasuntswana asebenzayo (oko kukuthi, isithuba sezulu) iya kuba nefuthe kwiindlela zobomi kunye noluntu lwanamhlanje.  

Njengo 'uqikelelo lwemozulu', unako 'isithuba imozulu' nayo inokuxelwa kwangaphambili? Yintoni emisela umoya welanga kunye neemeko zawo kwindawo yoMhlaba? Ngaba naluphi na utshintsho olunzima kwi isithuba Imozulu yaziwe kwangethuba ukuba ithathe amanyathelo angaphambi kokuzama ukunciphisa impembelelo eyonakalisayo eMhlabeni? Kwaye, kutheni kukho konke ukwenza umoya welanga?   

Ilanga yibhola yerhasi etshisayo etshajwa ngombane kwaye ke ngoko, ayinawo umphezulu ocacileyo. Umaleko wephotosphere uphathwa njengomphezulu welanga kuba yile nto sinokuyibona ngokukhanya. Iileya ezingezantsi kwefotosphere ngaphakathi ukuya kumbindi zi-opaque kuthi. I-atmosphere yelanga yenziwe ngamaleko angaphezu kwephotosphere surface yelanga. Yeyona halo yerhasi ebonakalayo ejikeleze iLanga. Ibonwa ngcono ukusuka eMhlabeni ngexesha lokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga, i-atmosphere yelanga inemigangatho emine: i-chromosphere, indawo yokutshintsha kwelanga, i-corona kunye ne-heliosphere.  

Umoya welanga wenziwa kwi-corona, umaleko wesibini (osuka ngaphandle) womoya welanga. ICorona ngumaleko weplasma eshushu kakhulu. Ngelixa ubushushu bomphezulu weLanga bumalunga ne-6000K, ubushushu obuphakathi kwe-corona bumalunga ne-1-2 yezigidi ze-K. Ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Coronal Heating Paradox', indlela kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza i-corona kunye nokukhawuleza komoya welanga ukuya kakhulu. isantya esiphezulu kunye nokwandiswa zibe phakathi kweeplanethi isithuba ayikaqondwa kakuhle, ² nangona kwiphepha lamva nje, abaphandi bafuna ukusombulula oku ngendlela ye-axion (i-hypothetical dark matter elementary particle) imvelaphi yeefotoni. ³.  

Ngamanye amaxesha, isixa esikhulu seplasma eshushu siyakhutshwa kwi-corona siye kumaleko angaphandle omoya welanga (i-heliosphere). Ebizwa ngokuba yi-Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), ukukhutshwa kobunzima beplasma kwi-corona kufunyaniswa ukuba kubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kubushushu bomoya welanga, isantya, ukuxinana kunye phakathi kweeplanethi umhlaba wemagnethi. Ezi zidala izaqhwithi zemagneti ezomeleleyo kwintsimi ye-geomagnetic yoMhlaba ⁴. Ukudubula kweplasma evela kwi-corona kubandakanya ukukhawuleziswa kwee-elektroni kunye nokukhawuleziswa kwamasuntswana ahlawuliweyo kuvelisa amaza erediyo. Ngenxa yoko, iCoronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) ikwanxulunyaniswa nokugqabhuka kwemiqondiso yerediyo evela kwiLanga. ⁵. Ke ngoko, isithuba Uphononongo lwemozulu luya kubandakanya uphononongo lwexesha kunye nobunzulu bokukhutshwa kobuninzi beplasma ukusuka kwi-corona ngokubambisana nokugqabhuka kwelanga okunxulumene nohlobo lwe-IV oluqhume ixesha elide (ngaphezulu kwe-10 min.).    

Ukwenzeka kokugqabhuka koonomathotholo kwimijikelo yelanga yangaphambili (umjikelo wexesha elithile wemagnethi yeLanga rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-11) ngokunxulumene noKukhutshwa kweMisa yeCoronal (CMEs) kuye kwaphononongwa kwixesha elidlulileyo.  

Olunye uphononongo lwamanani lwamva nje lwexesha elide olwenziwe ngu-Anshu Kumari et al. yeYunivesithi yaseHelsinki kugqabhuko lukanomathotholo oluqatshelwe kumjikelo welanga wama-24, lukhanyisela ngakumbi unxulumano lwexesha elide, ukugqabhuka kwerediyo okubanzi (okubizwa ngokuba ziintlobo ze-IV) nee-CMEs. Iqela lifumene ukuba malunga ne-81% yohlobo lwe-IV bursts lulandelwa yi-coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Ngokumalunga ne-19% yohlobo lwe-IV ukuqhuma aluzange luhambe kunye neeCMEs. Ukongeza, kuphela yi-2.2% yee-CME ezihamba kunye nohlobo lwe-IV ukuqhuma kwerediyo ⁶.  

Ukuqonda ixesha lobude bexesha elide le-IV kunye ne-CMEs ngendlela eyongezelelweyo kuya kunceda kuyilo kunye nexesha lokuqhubeka kunye nekamva. isithuba iinkqubo ngokufanelekileyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yezi kwimishini enjalo kwaye ekugqibeleni kwiifom zobomi kunye nempucuko eMhlabeni. 

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2102111 

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Iingxelo:    

1. White SM., nd. Solar Radio Bursts kunye isithuba Imozulu. IYunivesithi yaseMaryland. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.nrao.edu/astrores/gbsrbs/Pubs/AJP_07.pdf Ifikeleleke nge-29 Jamaury 2021. 

2. Aschwanden MJ et al 2007. I-Paradox yokutshisa iCoronal. I-Astrophysical Journal, uMqulu 659, iNombolo yesi-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/513070  

3. Rusov VD, Sharph IV, et al 2021. Isisombululo sengxaki yokufudumeza kweCoronal ngokusebenzisa i-axion origin photons. IFiziksi yeNdalo eMnyama uMqulu wama-31, kaJanuwari 2021, 100746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2020.100746  

4. I-Verma PL., kunye no-2014. Ukukhutshwa kwe-Coronal Mass kunye nokuphazamiseka kwi-Solar Wind Plasma Parameters ngokunxulumene ne-Geomagnetic Storms. Ijenali yeFiziksi: Uthotho lweNkomfa 511 (2014) 012060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/511/1/012060   

5. Gopalswamy N., 2011. Coronal Mass Ejections kunye neSolar Radio Emissions. CDAW Data Centre NASA. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/gopal/gopal2011PlaneRadioEmi_book.pdf Ifikeleleke nge-29 kaJanuwari 2021.  

6. Kumari A., Morosan DE., kunye ne-Kilpua EKJ., 2021. KwiNtsebenzo ye-IV ye-Solar Radio Bursts kwi-Solar Cycle 24 kunye noMbutho wabo kunye ne-Coronal Mass Ejections. Ipapashwe nge-11 kaJanuwari 2021. I-Astrophysical Journal, uMqulu 906, iNombolo 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc878  

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