Uphononongo oluphumeleleyo lwakutsha nje lutyhila indlela entsha ye-schizophrenia
kwengqondo sisifo sengqondo esingapheliyo esichaphazela malunga ne-1.1% yabantu abadala okanye malunga ne-51 yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele. Xa i-schizophrenia ikwimo yayo esebenzayo, iimpawu zinokubandakanya ukukhohlisa, ukubona izinto ezingekhoyo, intetho engalungelelananga okanye ukuziphatha, inkathazo yokucinga, ukulahlekelwa kwengqondo kunye nokungabikho kokukhuthaza. I-schizophrenia ngoku yaziwa ngokubanzi kodwa ayaziwa kakuhle kwaye unobangela wayo awukacaci ngokupheleleyo. Izazinzulu kwihlabathi jikelele zikholelwa ukuba indibaniselwano yemfuza, imichiza yobuchopho kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo inegalelo ekuphuhliseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili kwe-schizophrenia. Ezi ziphumo zifunyaniswe emva kokusebenzisa umfanekiso ophucukileyo ukujonga ubume kunye nomsebenzi wobuchopho. Kwakhona, i-schizophrenia ayinakuthintelwa kwaye akukho nyango lufumanekayo, nangona uphando ngoku lusenzeka ukuphuhlisa unyango olutsha nolukhuselekileyo.
Unyango lwangoko lwe-schizophrenia lunokunceda ukufumana iimpawu phantsi kolawulo ngaphambi kokuba kubekho iingxaki ezinzulu kwaye zinokunceda ukuphucula umphumo wexesha elide kwisigulane. Ukuba isicwangciso sonyango silandelwa ngenkathalo, sinokunceda ukuthintela ukuphinda ubuyele kwaye nokuba mandundu kakhulu kweempawu. Unyango olutsha nolusebenzayo lokuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango lunokuba nethemba lokuphuhliswa xa izinto ezinobungozi kwi-schizophrenia zicacile. Kuye kwacetywa ixesha elide ukuba iingxaki zeekhemikhali ezithile ezenzeka ngokwendalo engqondweni - kubandakanywa neurotransmitters ezibizwa ngokuba yi-dopamine kunye ne-glutamate - zinokuba negalelo schizophrenia kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo. Lo 'mahluko' ubonwa kuphononongo lwe-neuroimaging ebuchotsheni kunye ne-central nervous system yabantu abane-schizophrenia. Eyona ntsingiselo yolu mahluko okanye utshintsho ayikacaci ncam, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ibonisa ukuba i-schizophrenia ngengqondo ukuphazamiseka.I-Schizophrenia ifuna unyango lobomi bonke kwaye nakwezo zigulana apho iimpawu zibonakala ngathi ziphelile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unyango oludityanisiweyo lwamayeza kunye nonyango lwengqondo lunokunceda ukulawula imeko kwaye kuphela kwiimeko ezinzima kunokulaliswa esibhedlele. Umzamo weqela ngabasebenzi bezempilo uyafuneka kwiiklinikhi ezinobungcali kunyango lwe-schizophrenia. Uninzi lwamayeza e-antipsychotic onyango lwe-schizophrenia kucingelwa ukuba alawula iimpawu ngokuchaphazela ingqondo ye-neurotransmitter dopamine. Ngelishwa, amayeza amaninzi anjalo adla ngokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimandundu (ezinokubandakanya ukozela, ukuqhawuka kwezihlunu, umlomo owomileyo kunye nokungaboni kakuhle), okwenza izigulane zibe mathidala ukuthatha. kubo kwaye kwezinye iimeko iinaliti zinokuba yindlela ekhethiweyo endaweni yokuthatha ipilisi.Ngokucacileyo, ukuphuhlisa ukungenelela kwonyango kunye neziyobisi ukujolisa kunye nokunyanga i-schizophrenia, kubalulekile ukuqonda kuqala ukuphazamiseka ngokuchonga zonke iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokwenzeka zezenzo.
Indlela entsha yokuqonda kunye nokujolisa kwi-schizophrenia
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje olwenziwa ziiNeuroscientists ezivela kwiCase Western Reserve University School of iyeza, eU.SA, ekhokelwa nguGqr. Lin Mei, baye bafumanisa indlela entsha engunobangela we-schizophrenia. Baye basebenzisa iindlela zofuzo, i-electrophysiological, biochemical, kunye ne-molecular techniques ukuze bafumane umsebenzi weprotheni ebizwa ngokuba yi-neuregulin 3 (NRG3). Le proteni, yeyosapho lwe-neuregulin protein, sele ibonisiwe ukuba ifakwe kwikhowudi yemfuza 'yomngcipheko' kwezinye izigulo zengqondo eziquka ukuphazamiseka kwebipolar kunye nokudakumba. Kwaye ukuba sithetha nge-schizophrenia, iinguqu ezininzi kule gene (eyikhowudi ye-NRG3) ithathwa njengezinto "ezinobungozi obukhulu". Izifundo ezininzi zenziwe kwi-NRG3, kodwa umsebenzi wayo ochanekileyo kunye neenkcukacha ze-physiology ayikaqondwa kakuhle. Isikolo seSayensi, abaphandi ngelixa bezama ukufumanisa umsebenzi onokwenzeka we-NRG3, bafumanisa ukuba ingundoqo kwi-schizophrenia kwaye ingaba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo yonyango ukuyinyanga.
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba iprotheni ye-NRG3 ikakhulu icinezela iprotheyini eyinkimbinkimbi - ebaluleke kakhulu kunxibelelwano olufanelekileyo lwe-neuron kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwengqondo. kwiimpuku kwinani elithile lee-neuron zobuchopho. Ngokuthe ngqo, xa iinguqu zenziwa kwi-'pyramidal' neurons-edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo-iimpuku zibonise iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha ngokuhambelana ne-schizophrenia. Iimpuku zazinengqondo ephilileyo kunye namandla okuva, kodwa zabonisa inqanaba elingaqhelekanga lomsebenzi. Babonise ingxaki ekukhumbuleni (umz. xa behamba ngeemaze) kananjalo babeneentloni bengqonge iimpuku. Ngaloo ndlela, kwacaca ukuba i-NRG3 idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-schizophrenia kunye nohlobo lwee-neurons ezibandakanyekayo nazo zichazwe. Ukongezelela, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba le proteni ye-NRG3 isebenza njani kwinqanaba leselula. Kwabonwa ukuba inqanda ngokusisiseko indibano yeprotheyini eyinkimbinkimbi kwi-synapses - indawo okanye i-junction apho i-nerve cell or neurons inxibelelana khona. I-neurons idinga i-complex (ebizwa ngokuba yi-SNARE, emfutshane ye-Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor proteins), ukuhambisa i-neurotransmitters (i-glutamate ngokukodwa) phakathi komnye nomnye kwii-synapses. Abantu abaphethwe zizifo zengqondo ezinzima kuquka i-schizophrenia, bakholisa ukuba namazinga aphezulu e-NRG3 protein kwaye la manqanaba aphezulu ayenoxanduva lokucinezela ukukhutshwa kwe-glutamate - i-neurotransmitter yendalo eyenzeka engqondweni. Oku kubonwe kwimifuniselo yaselabhoratri yokuba i-NRG3 ayikwazanga ukwenza 'i-SNARE complex' kwaye ngoko amanqanaba e-glutamate aye acinezelwa ngenxa yoku.
I-Glutamate ininzi emzimbeni womntu kodwa ifumaneka kakhulu kwingqondo. Yeyona ndlela 'evuselelayo' okanye 'evuselela umdla' kwingqondo yethu kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvuleni imithambo-luvo engqondweni kwaye ke ibalulekile ekufundeni kwethu, ekuqondeni nasekukhumbuleni. Olu pho nonongo luphetha ukuba i-NRG3 ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhanjisweni okufanelekileyo kwe-glutamate kwingqondo kunye nokungalingani kwe-glutamate kubangela iimpawu ze-schizophrenic. Kwakhona, umsebenzi ochazwe apha ucacisiwe okokuqala kwaye uhluke kakhulu kwiindima zangaphambili ezichazwe kule proteinNRG3 kunye nezinye iiprotheni zentsapho enye.
Unyango kwixesha elizayo
I-schizophrenia yimeko eyingozi kakhulu ngengqondo isigulo esichaphazela kakhulu iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Iphazamisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwemihla ngemihla, ukuzinyamekela, ubudlelwane kunye nosapho kunye nabahlobo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zobomi boluntu. Izigulana azibonakali zinengxaki ethile 'yengqondo' kodwa imbonakalo yobomi ngokubanzi kunye neebhalansi ziyachaphazeleka. Ukumelana ne ngengqondo ukuphazamiseka okumandundu njenge-schizophrenia kulucelomngeni kakhulu, kumntu onale meko nakubahlobo kunye nosapho. I-schizophrenia ithathwa njengenye yezona meko zili-10 eziphezulu zokukhubaza. Kuba i-schizophrenia intsonkothile kakhulu, isiphumo seklinikhi samayeza siyahluka kwizigulana ezahlukeneyo kwaye akaphumeleli ngaphaya kwezilingo ezimbalwa. Unyango olutsha lufuneka ngokungxamisekileyo kule meko kwaye olu phononongo lubonise indlela entsha ekuphuhliseni enye.
Iprotheyini ye-NRG3 ngokuqinisekileyo inokusebenza njengenjongo entsha yonyango yokunceda ukunyanga isifo sengqondo esine-schizophrenia mhlawumbi nezinye izigulo zengqondo ezifana ne-bipolar kunye nokudakumba. Iziyobisi zinokuthi ziyilwe ezinokujolisa kwi-NRG3 ngaloo ndlela zincede ukubuyisela amanqanaba e-glutamate kwiintlobo ezithile ze-neurons kwaye ngaloo ndlela zibuyisele ukusebenza kwengqondo ngexesha le-schizophrenia. Le ndlela yokufundisa inokuba yindlela entsha ngokupheleleyo kunyango. Olu phononongo lunike ukukhanya kwindlela entsha yeselula ye-schizophrenia kwaye luvelise ithemba elikhulu kwinkalo yezigulo zengqondo. Nangona indlela eya ekufumaneni nasekuqaliseni amachiza asebenzayo kunyango ibonakala ngathi inde kakhulu okwangoku, uphando lukwicala elichanekileyo ubuncinci.
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{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
Wang et al. 2018. Ukulawulwa kokukhululwa kwe-glutamate nge-neuregulin3 ngokuvimbela indibano ye-SNARE complex. Iinkqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716322115
