Scientific uphando lubonakalise ukuba izinja ngabantu abanovelwano aboyisa imiqobo ukunceda zabo umntu abanini.
Abantu banezinja ezifuywayo kangangamawaka eminyaka kwaye iqhina phakathi kwabantu kunye nezinja zabo ngumzekelo omhle wobudlelwane obuqinileyo noluchukumisayo. Abanini bezinja abanebhongo kwihlabathi jikelele bebesoloko beziva kwaye besoloko bexoxa nabahlobo babo kunye nosapho ngaxa lithile malunga nendlela abaziva ngayo kwaye baziva ngathi isinini amaqabane azaliswe luvelwano kunye novelwano ngakumbi ngamaxesha apho abaniniyo ngokwabo bekhathazekile kwaye bephazamisekile. Izinja zibonwa ukuba azithandi kuphela abanini bazo kodwa izinja zikwathatha aba bantu njengentsapho yabo enothando ebanika indawo yokuhlala kunye nokhuseleko. Izinja zibhalwe 'njengomhlobo osenyongweni woMntu' okoko kusekho uncwadi. Iingxelo ezinjalo malunga nokunyaniseka okukhethekileyo kwenja, uthando kunye nobudlelwane nabantu ziye zasasazwa kuzo zonke iindlela zokufundisa nokuba ziincwadi, imibongo okanye iifilim. Ngaphandle koku kuqonda kakhulu malunga nendlela entle ubudlelwane phakathi komntu kunye nenja yakhe yesilwanyana, izifundo zesayensi ezineziphumo ezixubileyo ziye zaveliswa kule ndawo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Izinja zizidalwa ezinovelwano
Abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins baye babonisa kuphononongo lwabo olupapashwe kwi Isifundo sikaSpringer kunye Indlela yokuziphatha ukuba izinja ngenene ngoyena mhlobo womntu kwaye zizidalwa ezinovelwano kakhulu kunye nokuqonda okuphantsi kwentlalo kwaye zingxamela ukuthuthuzela abaninizo xa beqonda ukuba abanini bazo bangabantu basentlungwini. Abaphandi baqhube imifuniselo emininzi ukuqonda amanqanaba ovelwano eziboniswa zizinja kubanini bazo. Kolunye kuvavanyo oluninzi, isethi yabanini bezinja abangama-34 kunye nezinja zabo ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zahlanganiswa kwaye abanini bacelwa ukuba bakhale okanye bacule ingoma. Yenziwa ibe nye ngexesha kwisibini ngasinye somnini wenja kunye nomnini wenja ngelixa bobabini behleli ngapha nangapha kumagumbi ahlukeneyo kunye nocango lweglasi oluvaliweyo phakathi oxhaswa kuphela ngoomazibuthe abathathu ukwenza kube lula ukuvula. Abaphandi bagweba ngononophelo indlela yokuziphatha kwenja kunye nesantya sentliziyo yabo (zenyama) ngokuthatha imilinganiselo kwisantya sentliziyo. Kwabonwa ukuba xa abaninizo ‘bakhala’ okanye “bacela uncedo” nezinja zaziva ezi khwelo zibandezelekileyo, zavula ucango ngokukhawuleza izihlandlo ezithathu ukuze zingene zize zithuthuzele zize zincede yaye ngokuyintloko “zihlangula” abantu bazo. Oku kuthelekiseka mpela naxa abaniniyo babevumzela ingoma kuphela kwaye bebonakala bonwabile. Ukujonga uqwalaselo oluneenkcukacha ezirekhodiweyo, izinja zaphendula ngaphakathi komndilili wemizuzwana engama-24.43 xa abanini bazo bazenza ngathi bakhathazekile xa kuthelekiswa nempendulo eyi-avareji yemizuzwana engama-95.89 xa abanini babonakala bonwabile ngelixa bevumzela abantwana. Le ndlela iguqulelwe kwi-'trapped other' paradigm ethe yasetyenziswa kuphononongo oluninzi olubandakanya iimpuku.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuxoxa ukuba kutheni izinja zisavula ucango xa abanini bentyiloza kuphela kwaye kungekho mqondiso wenkathazo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwenja kwakungengovelwano nje kuphela kodwa kukwacebise nesidingo sabo sokunxibelelana nabantu kunye nokuba nomdla wokwazi ukuba yintoni elele ngaphaya komnyango. Ezo zinja zabonisa impendulo ekhawulezayo kakhulu ekuvuleni umnyango zazinamanqanaba aphantsi oxinzelelo ngokwawo. Amanqanaba oxinzelelo aqatshelwe ngokumisela umgca wenkqubela phambili ngokwenza imilinganiselo yesiseko. Oku kuyaqondakala kwaye kumiselwe kakuhle ukuqwalaselwa kwengqondo ukuba izinja ziya kufuneka zinqobe ukubandezeleka kwazo ukuze zenze isenzo (apha, ukuvula umnyango). Oku kuthetha ukuba izinja zicinezela iimvakalelo zabo kwaye zenze uvelwano endaweni ngokugxila kubanini bazo babantu. Imeko efanayo ibonakala kubantwana kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abantu abadala xa kufuneka boyise uxinezeleko lwabo lobuqu olungaphaya kwamandla ukuze bakwazi ukunikela uncedo komnye umntu. Kwelinye icala, izinja ezingazange ziluvule ucango zazibonisa iimpawu ezicacileyo zonxunguphalo kuzo njengokukhefuzela okanye ukwenza intshukumo ebonisa ukuxhalaba kwazo kwimeko ebandakanya umntu ezimthanda ngokwenene. Abaphandi bagxininisa ukuba oku kukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kwaye akukhathazi kwaphela kuba izinja, njengabantu, zinokubonisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yovelwano ngexesha elinye. Kolunye uvavanyo, abaphandi bahlalutya ukujongwa kwezinja kubanini bazo ukuze bafunde ngakumbi malunga nobudlelwane.
Kuvavanyo olwenziweyo, izinja ezili-16 kwezingama-34 beziqeqeshelwe ukunyanga izinja kunye “nezinja zenkonzo” ezibhalisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izinja zenziwe ngendlela efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zizinja zenkonzo okanye hayi, okanye ubudala okanye uhlobo lwazo alunamsebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke izinja zibonisa iimpawu ezifanayo zomntu-isilwanyana, kanye ukuba izinja unyango baye bazuza izakhono ezingakumbi xa ubhalisa njengezinja inkonzo kwaye ezi akhawunti izakhono ukuthobela kunokuba isimo ngokweemvakalelo. Esi siphumo sineempembelelo ezinamandla kwikhrayitheriya esetyenziselwa ukukhetha nokuqeqesha izinja zonyango lwenkonzo. Iingcali zinokugweba ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukwenza uphuculo lwezonyango ekuyileni iiprothokholi zokukhetha.
Uphononongo lubonisa uvakalelo oluphezulu lwee-canines kwiimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zabantu njengoko zibonwa ukuba zibone kakhulu utshintsho kwimeko yeemvakalelo zabantu. Ukufunda okunjalo kuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu uvelwano lwe-canine kunye noluhlu lokuziphatha kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimeko jikelele. Kuya kuba nomdla ukwandisa umda walo msebenzi ukwenza izifundo ezongezelelweyo kwezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya ezifana neekati, imivundla okanye izikhwenene. Ukuzama ukuqonda ukuba izinja zicinga kwaye zisabela njani kunokusinika indawo yokuqalisa ukuqonda indlela uvelwano kunye novelwano oluvela ngayo nakubantu ezenza ukuba benze ngovelwano kwiimeko ezinzima. Ingasinceda ukuba siphande ubungakanani bempendulo yovelwano kwaye iphucule ukuqonda kwethu imbali ekwabelwana ngayo yendaleko yezilwanyana ezanyisayo - abantu nezinja.
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{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
Sanford EM et al. 2018. UTimmy's equleni: uvelwano kunye noncedo lweprosocial ezinjeni. Ukufunda kunye nokuziphatha. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-018-0332-3
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