INkcubeko yeChinchorro: Esona siNtu siDala soMumification

Obona bungqina budala be eyenziweyo ukucwiliswa kwezidumbu ehlabathini kuvela kwinkcubeko yangaphambili yaseChinchorro yaseMzantsi America (kuMntla weChile yangoku) indala kune WaseYiputa malunga namawaka amabini eminyaka. I-Chinchorro's mummification eyenziwe yaqala malunga ne-5050 BC (ngokuchasene ne-Egypt ye-3600 BC). 

Bonke ubomi buphela ngenye imini. Ukusukela kwixesha lamandulo, abantu bazabalazela ukoyisa lo mda uphela kubukho bomntu, nangona kuthethwa ngokufuziselayo ngokugcinwa kwabafileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo.  

Umzimba wenkokeli yeSoviet uVladimir Lenin ugciniwe¹ malunga nenkulungwane enye ukususela ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1924 yaye uboniswa esidlangalaleni eLenin’s Mausoleum kwiRed Square yaseMoscow. Ngokufanayo, umzimba wenkokeli yaseTshayina uMao Zedong uyagcinwa² malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane ukususela ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1976 kwaye uboniswa esidlangalaleni eMausoleum yaseMao Zedong eBeijing eTiananmen Square. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba, la matyala mabini okugcinwa kwamaqumrhu eenkokeli zobupolitika kumaxesha anamhlanje ajoliswe ekuqhubeleni phambili iinkumbulo neengcamango zeenkokeli zelizwe.  

Okwangoku, abanye abantu bacinga ngokufa 'njengokumisa' nje ubomi obunokuthi 'buqaliswe' kwakhona ikamva ngenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi ngaphandle kokuba umzimba ugcinwe ngokufanelekileyo. Alcor Life Extension Foundation³ e-Arizona ngomnye umbutho onjalo osebenzela ukunika abafileyo ithuba lokuphila kwakhona ngokusebenzisa i-cryopreservation ngokugcina umzimba (okanye ingqondo) kwi-nitrogen engamanzi malunga nama-300 degrees Fahrenheit, usebenzisa ubuchule bokuxhoma obuvumela ukunyibilika kunye nokuphinda kuhlaziywe kwindawo. kwixesha elizayo xa kuyilwa iteknoloji entsha efanelekileyo.  

Kumaxesha amandulo, izithethe ezininzi zaseAsiya naseMerika zazinomkhwa wokunqunya abafileyo. Mhlawumbi, eyona idumileyo phakathi kwabo yimeko yaseYiputa yamandulo, apho uqheliselo lokucwiliswa kwezidumbu ngabom lwaqala malunga ne-3,600 BC. Izidumbu zezidumbu zaseYiputa zisakhwankqisa ehlabathini lonke ngobudala bazo, ubungakanani bazo, nobunewunewu obunxulumene nazo. AmaJiphutha amandulo ayenobuchule bobuchule bokucwiliswa kwezidumbu ngenxa yokuba ukugcinwa komzimba kwakucingelwa ukuba yeyona nto iphambili ekufikeleleni ubomi obungunaphakade. emva kobomi. Ingcamango yayikukuba ka (umphefumlo) uyawushiya umzimba xa umntu efile, yaye unokubuyela kumzimba oswelekileyo kuphela ukuba umzimba wawugcinwe kakuhle ekuboleni.⁴. Ke ngoko, imizimba yookumkani bamandulo baseYiputa kunye neeQueens kunye nezinye eziphakamileyo nezinamandla zacwiliswa ngokungeyomfuneko kulandela iinkqubo ezithile zomngcwabo kwaye zangcwatywa ngobungangamsha kwiiphiramidi eziphezulu. Amangcwaba kunye neentsalela ezigciniweyo zoFaro ezifana noKumkani uRamesses II kunye noKumkani omncinci uTutankhamun baziwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yamandulo kunye nobuhle, kangangokuba abantu bacinga ngeYiputa kuphela xa kuthethwa igama elithi mummy.   

Nangona kunjalo, obona bungqina budala bokufaniswa kwezidumbu ezenziweyo ehlabathini buvela kwinkcubeko yangaphambili yaseChinchorro yaseMzantsi Melika (kuMntla weChile yangoku) indala kunee-Egyptian zokucwiliswa kwezidumbu malunga namawaka amabini eminyaka. I-Chinchorro's mummification yaqala malunga ne-5050 BC (ngokuchasene ne-Egypt ye-3600 BC).   

Isidumbu sokuqhomfa sikaChinchorro sahlukile ngokweminyaka yayo, ubuchule kunye nabalinganiswa - sesona sidumbu sidala sokwenziwa koluntu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwaye siphuhliswe ngokungaqhelekanga kuluntu lwamandulo lwamatye oluzingela elwandle. Umbono wabo wobomi basemva kokufa ophawulwe ngowona mzimba umdala wokucwiliswa kwezidumbu, wathatha iminyaka emalunga nama-4000 ukuya kutsho ngo-1720 BC⁵. Kwakhona, ngelixa kuphela abaphezulu nabanamandla kuluntu lwase-Egypt babenelungelo lokungcwatywa emva kokufa emva kokufa, inkcubeko yeChinchorro yenza i-mummies yabantu kuluntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banjani na ekuhlaleni kunye nodidi lwabo.  

Kuyabonakala ukuba, uluntu lwaseChinchorro lwalugcwele ubundlobongela, mhlawumbi ngenxa yendlela yokusombulula ingxabano kunye noxinzelelo lwentlalo, oluye lwahlala lungatshintshi ekuhambeni kwexesha. Inani lamadoda lalichaphazeleka ngakumbi⁶. 

I-Chinchorro mummification ibandakanya ukuxutywa kwangaphakathi kunye nonyango lwangaphandle lomzimba olwanika imizimba uphawu olubonakalayo, uhlobo lobugcisa ekuphenduleni ukufa ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabaphilayo nabafileyo. Uphononongo lwe-Chinchorro mummies lubonise utshintsho kolu qheliselo ngokuhamba kwexesha olubonakaliswe njengomlinganiselo wokwakha isazisi esihlangeneyo.⁷.   

Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukubaluleka kwayo okwahlukileyo kwezenkcubeko nezezinto zakudala zexabiso lehlabathi, iUNESCO iquke indawo yaseChinchorro kuluhlu lwelifa lehlabathi kutsha nje nge-27 kaJulayi 2021.⁸.  

Uphononongo olongezelelekileyo kubugcisa bokungcwatywa kweChinchorro yokucwiliswa kwezidumbu ezenziweyo luya kukhanyisa ngakumbi inkalo yentlalo-ntle kunye nentlalontle yezoqoqosho yabantu baseChinchorro.

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Iingxelo:  

1. Vronskaya A. 2010. Ukubumba unaphakade: UkuLondolozwa koMzimba kaLenin. I-Thresholds 2010; ( 38 ): 10–13 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00170  

2. Leese D., 2012. Indawo Aphumla Kuyo Amadoda Abalaseleyo? USihlalo weMao Memorial Hall. Ku: Iindawo zeMemori kwiChina yanamhlanje. Isahluko 4. Amaphepha: 91–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004220966_005  

3. Alcor Life Extension Foundation 2020. Ifumaneka kwi-intanethi apha https://www.alcor.org/ 

4. Tomorad, M., 2009. "Izenzo zokungcwaba zaseYiputa zamandulo ukusuka kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC ukuya ekuthinjweni kwama-Arabhu eJiphutha (c. 1069 BC-642 AD)". ILifa leMveli laseYiputa. 2: 12–28 . Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.academia.edu/907351  

5. I-UNESCO 2021. UkuHlaliswa kunye nokuGcinwa kweMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeChinchorro kwiNgingqi yaseThearica kunye neParinacota. Ulonyulo lweLifa leMveli leHlabathi. IRiphabhlikhi yaseChile. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://whc.unesco.org/document/181014 

6. Standen V., Santoro C., okqhubekayo 2020. Ubundlobongela kubazingeli, abalobi, kunye nabaqokeleli benkcubeko yeChinchorro: Imibutho ye-Archaic yeNtlango ye-Atacama (10,000–4,000 cal yr BP). Ipapashwe okokuqala: 20 January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24009 

7. Montt, I., Fiore, D., Santoro, C., & Arriaza, B. (2021). Amaqumrhu obudlelwane: Izibonelelo, izinto kunye nokubonakaliswa kwizenzo zomngcwabo waseChinchorro c. 7000-3250 BP. Amandulo, 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.126 

8. I-UNESCO 2021. ULuhlu lweLifa leMveli yeHlabathi - UkuHlaliswa kunye nokuQinisekisa okuFanelekileyo kweNkcubeko yeChinchorro kwiNgingqi yaseArica kunye neParinacota. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1634/ 

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