I-Lipid ihlalutya Njani iZiqhelo zokutya zaMandulo kunye neZiqhelo zeCulinary

I-Chromatography kunye nohlalutyo lwe-isotopu olukhethekileyo lwe-lipid luhlala kwi-pottery yakudala ixela okuninzi malunga nezakudala ukutya imikhwa kunye nezenzo zokupheka. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, obu buchwephesha busetyenziswe ngempumelelo ukutyhila zakudala ukutya izenzo zeendawo ezininzi ze-archaeological ehlabathini. Abaphandi basebenzise obu buchule kutshanje kwiingqayi eziqokelelwe kwiindawo ezininzi zezinto zakudala ze-Indus Valley Civilization. Uphando olungundoqo lwezenzululwazi ibikukongamela kwamafutha angeyonyisi kwiinqanawa zokupheka okuthetha ukuba izilwanyana ezingatyiyo (ezifana nehashe, iihagu, iinkukhu, iintaka, umvundla, njl.njl) zaziphekwe kwiinqanawa ixesha elide. Oku kuyaphikisana nembono ekudala ikho (esekelwe kubungqina bezilwanyana) yokuba izilwanyana ezondlayo (ezifana neenkomo, iinyathi, amaxhama, njl.njl). ukutya ngabantu base-Indus Valley.  

Ukwembiwa kwezinto zakudala kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kunikeze ulwazi oluninzi malunga nenkcubeko kunye nezenzo zabantu bamandulo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda ukutya kunye neendlela zokuziphilisa ezazixhaphakile kuluntu lwamandulo olungenazo iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo ezazisetyenziselwa ukuba ngumsebenzi onyukayo ngenxa yokuba akukho nto ingako yayiquka 'ukutya' okushiyekileyo ngenxa yokuwohloka kwendalo phantse ngokupheleleyo. ukutya kunye ne-biomolecules. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka edlulileyo, ubuchule bemichiza obuqhelekileyo bechromatography kunye nohlalutyo oluthile lwekhompawundi yomlinganiselo we-isotopi ezizinzileyo zekhabhoni zenze ukungena kwizifundo ze-archaeological ezivumela abaphandi ukuba bachonge imithombo ye-lipids. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kuphandwe ngokutya kunye neendlela zokuphila kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwemolekyuli kunye ne-isotopic yeentsalela zokutya okufunxayo ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso e-δ13C kunye ne-Δ13C.  

Izityalo zezona zivelisa ukutya. Uninzi lwezityalo zisebenzisa iC3 photosynthesis ukulungisa ikhabhoni, kungoko kuthiwa zizityalo zeC3. Ingqolowa, ibhali, irayisi, i-oats, i-rye, i-cowpea, i-cassava, iimbotyi zesoya njl njl zezona zityalo ze-C3. Bakha isiseko ukutya zoluntu. Izityalo ze-C4 (ezifana nombona, umoba, i-millet, kunye ne-sorghum) kwelinye icala, sebenzisa i-C4 photosynthesis yokulungiswa kwekhabhoni.  

Ikhabhoni ine-isotophu ezimbini ezizinzileyo, i-C-12 kunye ne-C-13 (isotopu yesithathu i-C-14, ayizinzanga kungoko i-radioactive kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuthandana. eziphilayo izinto zakudala ezifunyenweyo). Kwii-isotopi ezimbini ezizinzileyo, i-C-12 ekhaphukhaphu ikhethwa ngokukhethekileyo kwi-photosynthesis. Ifotosynthesis ayikho jikelele; ithanda ukulungiswa kwe-C-12. Ngaphezu koko, izityalo zeC3 zithatha isotope ekhaphukhaphu yeC-12 ngaphezu kwezityalo zeC4. Zombini izityalo ze-C3 kunye ne-C4 zicalula i-isotope enzima ye-C-13 kodwa izityalo ze-C4 azicalucaluli kakhulu njengezityalo ze-C3. Beka ngokuchaseneyo, kwi-photosynthesis, zombini izityalo ze-C3 kunye ne-C4 zikhetha i-C-12 isotope ngaphezu kwe-C-13 kodwa izityalo ze-C3 zithanda i-C-12 ngaphezu kwezityalo ze-C4. Oku kubangela ukungafani komlinganiselo we-isotopes ezinzile zekhabhoni kwiC3 kunye neC4 izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezondla izityalo zeC3 kunye neC4. Isilwanyana esondliwe kwizityalo ze-C3 siya kuba ne-isotopi ekhaphukhaphu ngaphezu kwesilwanyana esondliwe kwizityalo ze-C4 ezithetha ukuba i-molecule ye-lipid ene-isotope ye-lighter ratio inokwenzeka ukuba ivela kwisilwanyana esondliwe kwizityalo ze-C3. Le isiseko ingqiqo yekhompawundi uhlalutyo isotopu ethile lipid (okanye nayiphi na enye biomolecule ukuba lo mbandela) enceda ekuchongeni imithombo iintsalela lipid kwingqayi yodongwe. Ngamafutshane, izityalo zeC3 kunye neC4 zineendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-carbon isotopic ratios. Ixabiso le-δ13C lezityalo ze-C3 likhaphukhaphu phakathi kwe-−30 kunye -23‰ ngelixa kwizityalo ze-C4 eli xabiso liphakathi kwe-−14 kunye -12‰. 

Emva kokutsalwa kweentsalela zelipid kwiisampulu zeengqayi zomdongwe, inyathelo lokuqala eliphambili kukwahlula amacandelo ahlukeneyo e-lipid kusetyenziswa ubuchule be-Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oku kunika i-lipid chromatogram yesampuli. I-Lipids iyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha ngoko into esihlala siyifumana kwiisampuli zamandulo ngamanqatha (FA), ngakumbi i-palmitic acid (C₁₆) kunye ne-stearic acid (C₁₈). Ke, obu buchule bokuhlalutya imichiza bunceda ekuchongeni iiasidi ezinamafutha kwisampulu kodwa ayiniki lwazi malunga nemvelaphi yeeasidi ezinamafutha. Kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngakumbi ukuba i-asidi ethile enamafutha echongiweyo kwisitya sokupheka sakudala sisuka kubisi okanye inyama yesilwanyana okanye isityalo. Intsalela yeasidi enamafutha kwizitya zodongwe ixhomekeke kwinto eyayiphekwe kwinqanawa kumaxesha amandulo. 

Izityalo ze-C3 kunye ne-C4 zinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-isotopes ezinzileyo yekhabhoni ngenxa yokukhethwa okukhethiweyo kwe-C12 isotope ekhanyayo ngexesha le-photosynthesis. Ngokufanayo, izilwanyana ezondliwa ngezityalo ze-C3 kunye ne-C4 zinemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo, umzekelo, iinkomo ezifuywayo (izilwanyana ezondlayo ezifana nenkomo kunye nenyathi) ezityiswa ngokutya kwe-C4 (okufana ne-millet) ziya kuba ne-isotope ratio eyahlukileyo kunezilwanyana ezincinci zasekhaya njengebhokhwe, iigusha. kunye nehagu edla ngokutya kwaye ichume kwizityalo ze-C3. Ngaphaya koko, iimveliso zobisi kunye nenyama ethathwe kwinkomo eyetyisayo inemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ye-isotope ngenxa yomahluko wokudityaniswa kwamafutha kwi-mammary gland kunye ne-adipose tissue. Ukuqinisekisa imvelaphi ye-asidi ethile enamafutha echongiweyo ngaphambili yenziwa ngendlela yokuhlalutya ulungelelwaniso lwee-isotopes ezizinzileyo zekhabhoni. Ubuchule beGas chromatography-combustion-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) isetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya umlinganiselo we-isotope we-fatty acids ezichongiweyo.   

Ukubaluleka kohlalutyo lomlinganiselo we-carbon isotopes ezizinzile kwii-lipid residues kwizifundo ze-archaeological of prehistoric sites kwaboniswa kwi-1999 xa isifundo se-archaeological site e-Welsh Borderlands, e-UK, sinokwenza umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwamafutha avela kwi-non-ruminant (umz., i-porcine) kunye imvelaphi yenkomo (umzekelo, i-ovine okanye inkomo).¹. Le ndlela inokubonelela ngobungqina obubambekayo bokuveliswa kobisi okokuqala kwi-Afrika eluhlaza yeSahara kwinkulungwane yesihlanu ye-BC. UMntla Afrika wawuluhlaza kunye nohlaza ngoko kwaye abantu base-Sahara baseAfrika bangaphambili baye bamkela izenzo zobisi. Oku kwaqukunjelwa ngokwesiseko se-δ13C kunye ne-Δ13C yamaxabiso ee-alkanoic acid ezinkulu zamafutha obisi achongiweyo kwiingqayi.². Uhlalutyo olufanayo lubonelele ngobungqina bokuqala obuthe ngqo bokusetyenzwa kobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa koluntu lwabefundisi be-neolithic empuma Afrika.³ kwaye ekuqaleni kwe-Iron Age, emantla eTshayina⁴. 

Emazantsi e-Asiya, ubungqina bokwenziwa kwasekhaya bubuyela emva kwe-7^th kwiwaka leminyaka BC. Ngo-4^th kwimillennium BC, izilwanyana zasekhaya ezifana neenkomo, iinyathi, iibhokhwe, iigusha njl. Bekukho iingcebiso zokusetyenziswa kwezi zilwanyana ekutyeni kobisi nenyama kodwa akukho bungqina bubambekayo besayensi obuxhasa lo mbono. Uhlalutyo lwe-isotopu oluzinzileyo lwentsalela ye-lipid ekhutshwe kwi-ceramic shreds eqokelelwe kuyo I-Indus Valley iindawo zokuhlala zibonelela ngobungqina obuthe ngqo bokusetyenzwa kobisi eMzantsi Asia⁵. Kolunye uhlolisiso lwamva nje, olucwangcisiweyo, olucwangcisiweyo lweentsalela zelipid ukusuka kumaqhekeza embiza aqokelelwe kwiindawo ezininzi ze-Indus Valley, abaphandi bazama ukuseka uhlobo lokutya olusetyenziswa kwiinqanawa. Uhlalutyo lwe-Isotope luqinisekisile ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha ezilwanyana kwiinqanawa. Okufunyanisiweyo okungundoqo kwezenzululwazi yayikukulawula kwamafutha angatyisiyo kwiinqanawa zokupheka⁶ oku kuthetha ukuba izilwanyana ezinganyanyisiyo (ezifana nehashe, iihagu, iinkukhu, iintaka, umvundla, njl.njl) zaziphekwe kwiinqanawa ixesha elide kwaye zidliwe njengokutya. Oku kuphikisana nembono emide ebambekayo (esekelwe kubungqina bezilwanyana) ukuba izilwanyana ezetyisayo (ezifana neenkomo zenkomo, iinyathi, amaxhama, iibhokhwe njl.njl) zazityiwa njengokutya ngabantu base-Indus Valley.  

Ukungafumaneki kwamafutha esalathiso ale mihla kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuxutywa kwezityalo kunye nemveliso yezilwanyana yimida yolu phononongo. Ukoyisa iziphumo ezinokubakho ngenxa yokuxutywa kwezityalo nemveliso yezilwanyana, kunye nembono epheleleyo, uhlalutyo lwenkozo yesitatshi luye lwabandakanywa kuhlalutyo lwentsalela ye-lipid. Oku kuxhasa ukupheka kwezityalo, iisiriyeli, iipulses njl njl kwinqanawa. Oku kunceda ukoyisa eminye imida⁷. 

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Iingxelo:  

1. Umhle SN okqhubekayo 1999. Ubungqina beendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuSebenzisa iiMveliso zeZilwanyana kwiiNdawo ezahlukeneyo zoMbumbi weNdalo yangaphambili esekwe kwiiLipids ezigcinwe kwindawo kunye neeNtsalela ezifunxayo. Ijenali yeNzululwazi yezakudala. Umqulu 26, inkupho 12, kaDisemba 1999, amaphepha 1473-1482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0434 

2. Dunne, J., Evershed, R., Salque, M. et al. Imveliso yobisi yokuqala kwi-Afrika eluhlaza yeSahara kwinkulungwane yesihlanu ye-BC. Indalo 486, 390-394 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11186 

3. Grillo KM et al 2020. Ubungqina bemolekyuli kunye ne-isotopic yobisi, inyama, kunye nezityalo kwiinkqubo ze-prehistoric zempuma ye-Afrika yokutya. PNAS. 117 (18) 9793-9799. Ipapashwe nge-13 kuEpreli 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920309117 

4. Han B., okqhubekayo 2021. Uhlalutyo lwentsalela ye-Lipid yemikhumbi ye-ceramic evela kwindawo yase-Liujiawa yase-RuiState (ekuqaleni kwe-Iron Age, emantla e-China). Ijenali yeNzululwazi yeQuaternary (2022)37(1) 114–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3377 

5. Chakraborty, KS, Slater, GF, Miller, H.ML. okqhubekayo. Uhlalutyo oluthile lwe-isotopu oluhlanganisiweyo lweentsalela zelipid lubonelela ngobungqina obuthe ngqo bokusetyenzwa kwemveliso yobisi eMzantsi Asia. Sci Rep 10, 16095 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72963-y 

6. Suryanarayan A., okqhubekayo 2021. Iintsalela ze-Lipid kudongwe olusuka kwi-Indus Civilization kumantla ntshona eIndiya. Ijenali yeNzululwazi yezakudala. Umqulu 125, 2021,105291. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105291 

7. UGarcía-Granero uJuan José, okqhubekayo 2022. Ukudibanisa iLipid kunye neStarch Grain ihlalutya ukusuka kwiZitya zePottery ukuze uPhonononge i-Prehistoric Foodways kuMantla eGujarat, eIndiya. Imida kwi-Ecology kunye ne-Evolution, 16 Matshi 2022. ICandelo. I-Paleontology . DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.840199 

Uluhlu  

1. Irto A., okqhubekayo 2022. I-Lipids kwi-Archaeological Pottery: Uphononongo kwiiSampulu zabo kunye neeTekhnoloji zokutsalwa. Iimolekyuli 2022, 27(11), 3451; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113451 

2. Suryanarayan, A. 2020. Kuphekwa ntoni kwimpucuko ye-Indus? Ukuphanda ukutya kwe-Indus ngohlalutyo lwe-ceramic lipid residue (thesis kaGqirha). IYunivesithi yaseCambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.50249 

3. Suryanarayan, A. 2021. Isifundo – Iintsalela zeLipid kwiPottery evela kwimpucuko yaseIndus. Ifumaneka e https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otgXY5_1zVo 

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