Iqela elibandakanya iAkhademi yase-Austrian yeSayensi libonise inoveli microstructural marker yokutshatyalaliswa kwirekhodi ye-archaeological. Ngokwenza njalo, abaphandi baye banikezela ubungqina be-malting kwiminyaka yamatye kamva iYurophu. Ukuphuhliswa kobu 'buchule benoveli' kunye 'nobungqina bemalting kumbindi weNeolithic iYurophu' linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphando 'lwebhiya yamandulo'.
Isiselo esinxilisayo esisetyenzisiweyo sidlale indima ebalulekileyo kubomi basekuhlaleni kwaye sibe yinxalenye yeendlela zokutya ukususela kwixesha lamatye xa kwakukho inguqu 'kukuqokelela ukuzingela' ukuya 'kukulima iisiriyeli'. Nangona kunjalo, i kwezinto zakudala inzululwazi ayikwazanga ukunika ubungqina obuthe ngqo ibhiya ukwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwi kwezinto zakudala iirekhodi. Lo msantsa ngoku uqwalaselwe ngabaphandi.
Amanqanaba angundoqo ekwenzeni ibhiya kukumila (kuquka ukuntshula kunye nokomiswa okulandelayo okanye ukugcadiswa kweesiriyeli), ukucudisa (ukufudumeza umxube weenkozo ezigayiweyo ngamanzi kuvumela ukukhutshwa okanye ukuguqulwa kwestatshi ezinkozo zibe yiswekile ngeeenzymes ezikwimalt) , i-lautering (ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluneswekile, i-wort kwingqolowa), kunye nokubilisa (ukuguqulwa kweswekile ibe yi-ethanol ngegwele).
Ngexesha lokubola (xa iisiriyeli ziguquka zibe yimalt), iintsholongwane zembewu zibhenela ekukhupheni istatshi kwi-endosperm necellulose kunye neehemicellulose ezindongeni zeeseli zibe yiswekile njengomthombo wamandla. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukuncipha okubonakalayo kweendonga zeseli kwi-endosperm kunye ne-aleurone layer. Zonke iinkozo ezibolile zibonisa olu phawu (lokucuthwa okubalulekileyo kweendonga zeseli ye-aleurone) nasemva kokusila okanye ukucolwa kweenkozo ezivundisiweyo njengokulungiselela ukucutywa. Oku kuncitshiswa kweendonga ze-aleurone kunokusetyenziswa njengophawu lokubona ukubola. Kolu phando, abaphandi basebenzise eli nqaku ukukhangela ubungqina bo imalting kwintsalela etshileyo yezinto zakudala.
Abembi bezinto zakudala kolu phononongo baqale benza umfuziselo wokugcinwa kwezinto zakudala ngokutshisela (ukutsha okungaphelelanga) kwibhali yale mihla kwilebhu. Uvavanyo lweMikroskopu lwesampulu efanisiweyo lubonise isiphawuli semalting exoxiwe ngasentla. Okwenyani kwezinto zakudala iisampulu ezifunyenwe kwiziza nazo zibonise iimpawu ezifanayo (ukunciphisa iindonga zeseli ye-aleurone).
Uvavanyo lwe-electron microscope (SEM) yovavanyo lweentsalela ezitshileyo ezimnyama ezifunyenwe kwiivathi zokushisela utywala ngeceramic yamandulo. WaseYiputa iindawo zokuthengisa utywala (inkulungwane yesi-4 ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo) zibonise ukuncipha kweendonga ze-aleurone njengoko kubonwa kwisampulu yelabhoratri efanisiweyo.
Iisampulu ezivela kuLate I-Neolithic iindawo zokuhlala elunxwemeni kuMbindi iYurophu (malunga ne-4th millennium BCE) ikwabonise iimpawu ezifanayo kwiintsalela ze-archaeological.
Ubungqina be-malt yebhali bufunyenwe kwiintsalela ze-archaeological bread crust ezivela kwiindawo ezimbini kwiindonga zeLake Constance - iindawo zokuhlala eZürich Parkhaus Opéra, eSwitzerland naseSipplingen-Osthafen naseHornstaad-Hörnle.
Irhasi ecutyiweyo kwikomityi emise into efunyenwe kwindawo yeHornstaad-Hörnle ingabonisa imveliso yokuqala yebhiya kuMbindi. iYurophu kodwa ukubilisa akuzange kuqinisekiswe. Ke ngoko, ngelixa kukho ubungqina obuqinisekileyo be-malting, ukuveliswa 'kotywala obunxilisayo' akukwazanga kuqinisekiswa.
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Imithombo:
1. I-Academy yase-Austrian yeSayensi 2020. Iindaba - Indlela entsha yophando inika ubungqina malunga nokuvuthwa kwamatye kamva kumbindi iYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-10 ku-Epreli 2020. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/detail/news/a-new-research-method-provides-evidence-on-later-stone-age-brewing-in-central-europe/ Ifikeleleke nge-08 Meyi 2020.
2. Heiss AG, Azorín MB, et al., 2020. Mashes to Mashes, Crust to Crust. Ukunikezela ngokumakisha inoveli ye-microstructural ye-malting kwirekhodi ye-archaeological. Ipapashwe: 07 May 2020. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0231696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231696
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