Uphando lwe-aDNA lutyhila iinkqubo “zosapho kunye nokuzalana” koluntu lwangaphambili

Ulwazi malunga neenkqubo "zosapho kunye nobudlelwane" (ezifundwa rhoqo yi-social anthropology kunye ne-ethnography) yentlalo yamandulo ayifumaneki ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo. Izixhobo ze DNA yamandulo Uphando kunye neemeko ze-archaeological ziye zaphinda zakha ngempumelelo imithi yosapho (inzala) yabantu ababephila malunga neminyaka engama-6000 eyadlulayo kwiindawo zaseBritane naseFransi. Uhlahlelo luveza umnombo we-patrilineal, ukuhlala kwi-patrilocal kunye ne-exogamy yabasetyhini yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kuzo zombini iisayithi zaseYurophu. Kwindawo yaseGurgy eFransi, ukuba nomfazi omnye kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ngelixa kukho ubungqina bomanyano lwesithembu kwindawo yaseBritane yaseNorth Long Cairn. Izixhobo ze DNA yamandulo uphando luze luluncedo kuqeqesho lwe-anthropology kunye ne-ethnografi ekufundeni iinkqubo zokuzalana koluntu lwangaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali ebingenakuba nokwenzeka ngenye indlela.  

Iingcali ze-Anthropologists okanye i-ethnographers zihlala zifunda "iinkqubo zosapho kunye nobudlelwane" boluntu kodwa ukwenza izifundo ezinjalo zoluntu lwamandulo lwangaphambili ngumdlalo webhola owahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kuba yonke into ekhoyo yokufunda yimixholo kunye nentsalela ye-archaeological ebandakanya izinto zakudala kunye namathambo. Ngethamsanqa, izinto zitshintshile kwinkqubela phambili yembeko kwi-archaeogenetics okanye DNA yamandulo (aDNA) uphando. Ngoku ngokobuchwepheshe kunokwenzeka ukuqokelela, ukukhupha, ukukhulisa kunye nokuhlalutya ulandelelwano lwe DNA ikhutshwe kumathambo abantu bamandulo ababephila kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ubudlelwane bebhayoloji phakathi kwabantu obungundoqo ekuqondeni ukukhathalelwa, ukwabelana ngezibonelelo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwenkcubeko phakathi kwamalungu osapho kujongwa kusetyenziswa iisoftware zokuchongwa kobudlelwane. Ngaphandle kwemida evelayo ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphantsi, iisoftware zibonelela ngentelekelelo engaguqukiyo yobudlelwane bezalamane.¹. Ngoncedo lwe aDNA isixhobo, kuya kusenzeka ngakumbi ukukhanyisa kwiinkqubo "zosapho kunye nobudlelwane" be uluntu lwangaphambili. Ngapha koko, ibhayoloji yeemolekyuli isenokuba iyayitshintsha imeko ye-anthropology kunye ne-ethnografi.   

Indawo yokungcwaba ye-neolithic Britain eHazleton North Long Cairn eGloucestershire kuMazantsi-ntshona. eNgilani yayilungiselele amathambo abantu ababephila malunga neminyaka engama-5,700 35 eyadlulayo. Uhlalutyo lwemfuzo lwabantu abangama-XNUMX kwesi siza lukhokelele ekwakhiweni ngokutsha komnombo wosapho lwezizukulwana ezihlanu obonise ukuxhaphaka kwenzala yabazali. Kwakukho abafazi abazala ngamadoda omnombo kodwa iintombi zomnombo zazingekho nto leyo ethetha ukuba sekhaya kunye nokuphuma kwabantu ababhinqileyo. Indoda enye yazala kunye nabafazi abane (ecebisa ngesithembu). Ayingabo bonke abantu ababekufutshane ngokwemfuza kumnombo ophambili ocebisa ukuba amaqhina obudlelwane adlulele ngaphaya kokuzalana ngokwebhayoloji nto leyo eyalatha kwiindlela zokuthatha umntwana ongamzalanga abe ngowakho.^2.  

Kuphononongo olukhulu lwamva nje olupapashwe kwi-26^th NgoJulayi 2023, abantu abali-100 (ababephila kwiminyaka engama-6,700 eyadlulayo malunga ne-4850-4500 BC) bevela kwindawo yokungcwaba i-neolithic yaseGurgy 'Les Noisats' kwingingqi yaseParis Basin kumantla anamhlanje. Fransi  zifundwe liqela leFranco-German labaphandi abavela kwilabhoratri yePACEA eBordeaux, eFransi, nakwiMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology eLeipzig, eJamani. Abantu abasuka kule ndawo badityaniswe ziinzala ezimbini (imithi yeentsapho) ezithatha izizukulwana ezisixhenxe. Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba phantse bonke abantu babeqhagamshelwe kumnombo wosapho ngootata wabo obonisa ukuba ungumlibo wokuzalwa. Ngaphaya koko, akukho mfazi umdala waye wangcwatywa ngabazali/izinyanya zakhe kwesi siza. Oku kukhomba kuqheliselo lwe-exogamy yabasetyhini kunye nokuhlala kwi-patrilocal oko kukuthi. Ubudlelwane bezihlobo ezisondeleyo (ukuveliswa phakathi kwabantu abasondeleleneyo) bekungekho. Ngokungafaniyo nesiza saseBritane se-neolithic e-Hazleton North Long Cairn, abantakwenu babengekho kwindawo yaseFransi. Oku kubonisa ukuba umfazi omnye yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kwindawo yaseGurgy^3,4.  

Ke ngoko, umnombo we-patrilineal, ukuhlala kwi-patrilocal kunye ne-exogamy yabasetyhini yayiqhele ukwenziwa kuzo zombini iindawo zaseYurophu. Kwindawo yaseGurgy, ukuba nomfazi omnye kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ngelixa kukho ubungqina bomanyano lwesithembu kwindawo yaseNorth Long Cairn. Izixhobo ze DNA yamandulo uphando oludityaniswe neemeko ngezakudala lunokunika ingcinga efanelekileyo “yosapho kunye nokuzalana” kweenkqubo zoluntu lwangaphambili ebezingayi kufumaneka kwi-anthropology kunye ne-ethnografi ngenye indlela.  

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Iingxelo:   

1. Marsh, WA, Brace, S. & Barnes, I. Inferring biological kinship kwiiseti zedatha zakudala: ukuthelekisa impendulo yeepakethe zesoftware ezikhethekileyo zeDNA kwidatha ephantsi yokhuselo. BMC Genomics 24, 111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09198-4 
2. Fowler, C., Olalde, I., Cummings, V. et al. Umfanekiso onesisombululo esiphezulu sezenzo zokuzalana kwingcwaba le-Early Neolithic. Indalo 601, 584-587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4 
3. Rivollat, M., Rohrlach, AB, Ringbauer, H. et al. Umnombo obanzi utyhila umbutho wentlalo yoluntu lwe-Neolithic. Indalo (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8 
4. UMax-Planck-Gesellschaft 2023. Iindaba - Imithi yentsapho evela kwi-Neolithic yaseYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-26 kaJulayi 2023. Iyafumaneka e https://www.mpg.de/20653021/0721-evan-family-trees-from-the-european-neolithic-150495-x 

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