Ulwazi malunga neenkqubo "zosapho kunye nolwalamano" (ezifundwa rhoqo yi-anthropology yoluntu kunye ne-ethnography) yemibutho yamandulo alufumaneki ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo. Izixhobo zophando lwe -DNA yamandulo kunye neemeko zezinto zakudala ziye zakha ngokutsha ngempumelelo imithi yosapho (iipedigrees) yabantu ababephila malunga neminyaka engama-6000 eyadlulayo kwiindawo zaseBritane nezaseFransi. Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba imvelaphi yosapho, ukuhlala kosapho kunye ne-exogamy yabasetyhini yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kuzo zombini iindawo zaseYurophu. Kwindawo yaseGurgy eFransi, ukuthandana nomfazi omnye kwakuqhelekile ngelixa kukho ubungqina bokudibana kwesithembu kwindawo yaseBritane yaseNorth Long Cairn. Izixhobo zophando lwe-DNA yamandulo ziye zaluncedo kwisifundo se-anthropology kunye ne-ethnography ekufundeni iinkqubo zolwalamano loluntu lwamandulo ezazingenakwenzeka ngenye indlela.
Iingcali ze-anthropologist okanye iingcali ze-ethnography zihlala zifunda "iinkqubo zosapho kunye nolwalamano" lwentlalo, kodwa ukuqhuba olo phando lwentlalo yamandulo yamandulo ngumdlalo owahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kuba konke okufumanekayo ukufundelwa ziimeko kunye nezinye izisele zezinto zakudala kuquka izinto zakudala kunye namathambo. Ngethamsanqa, izinto zitshintshile ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili okuhle kwi-archaeogenetics okanye uphando lwe -DNA yamandulo ( aDNA ). Ngoku kunokwenzeka ngobuchwephesha ukuqokelela, ukukhupha, ukwandisa kunye nokuhlalutya ulandelelwano lwe -DNA ekhutshwe kwintsalela yabantu bamandulo ababephila kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo. Ulwalamano lwebhayoloji phakathi kwabantu olubalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukhathalelo, ukwabelana ngezixhobo kunye nokuziphatha kwenkcubeko phakathi kwamalungu osapho luqikelelwa kusetyenziswa isoftware yokuchongwa kolwalamano. Nangona kukho imida evela ngenxa yokugubungela okuncinci, isoftware ibonelela ngesigqibo esihambelanayo solwalamano lwentsapho 1. Ngoncedo lwesixhobo se -aDNA , kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukukhanyisa iinkqubo "zosapho kunye nolwalamano" lwentlalo yamandulo . Enyanisweni, ibhayoloji yemolekyuli isenokutshintsha iindawo ze-anthropology kunye ne-ethnography.
Indawo yokungcwaba iBritane entsha eHazleton North Long Cairn eGloucestershire eMzantsi-ntshona weNgilani yayinike amathambo abantu ababephila kwiminyaka emalunga nama-5,700 eyadlulayo. Uhlalutyo lwemfuza lwabantu abangama-35 kule ndawo lukhokelele ekwakhiweni kwakhona kwemvelaphi yosapho lwezizukulwana ezintlanu olubonise ukuxhaphaka kwemvelaphi yosapho. Kwakukho abafazi ababezala namadoda osapho kodwa iintombi zosapho zazingekho nto leyo ethetha ukuba babehlala nabantu bosapho kunye nemvelaphi yabasetyhini. Indoda enye yazala nabafazi abane (ithetha ukuba banesithembu). Ayingabo bonke abantu ababesondelelene ngokwemfuza nosapho oluphambili nto leyo ethetha ukuba ubudlelwane bosapho badlula ngaphaya kolwalamano lwebhayoloji nto leyo ekhomba kwiindlela zokwamkela abantwana 2.
Kwisifundo esikhulu samva nje esapapashwa ngomhla wama-26 kuJulayi 2023, abantu abali-100 (ababephila kwiminyaka engama-6,700 eyadlulayo malunga nowama-4850–4500 BC) abavela kwindawo yokungcwaba yaseGurgy 'Les Noisats' kwindawo yaseParis Basin kumantla eFransi yanamhlanje bahlolisiswe liqela labaphandi baseFranco-German abavela kwilebhu yePACEA eBordeaux, eFransi, nakwiMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology eLeipzig, eJamani. Abantu abavela kule ndawo baqhagamshelwe ziintsapho ezimbini (imithi yeentsapho) ezigubungela izizukulwana ezisixhenxe. Uhlalutyo lutyhile ukuba phantse bonke abantu baqhagamshelwe kumthi wentsapho ngomnombo kayise obonisa inzala yosapho. Ngaphezu koko, akukho mfazi umdala owangcwatywa abazali/ookhokho bakhe kule ndawo. Oku kubonisa indlela yokuqhelana kwabasetyhini kunye nokuhlala kwabo, oko kukuthi, abafazi basuka kwindawo abazalelwa kuyo baya kwindawo yeqabane labo lokuzala eliyindoda. Ukuzalana phakathi kwabantu abasondeleyo (ukuzala phakathi kwabantu abasondeleyo) kwakungekho. Ngokungafaniyo nendawo yaseBritane yeNeolithic eHazleton North Long Cairn, abantakwabo noodadewabo babengekho kwindawo yaseFransi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umtshato womfazi omnye wawuyinto eqhelekileyo kwindawo kaGurgy 3,4.
Ngoko ke, inzala yosapho, ukuhlala kwabantu bosapho kunye ne-exogamy yabasetyhini yayiqhelekile kwiindawo zombini zaseYurophu. Kwindawo yaseGurgy, i-monogamy yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ngelixa kukho ubungqina bokudibana kwesithembu kwindawo yaseNorth Long Cairn. Izixhobo zophando lwe-DNA yamandulo kunye neemeko zezinto zakudala zinokunika umbono ofanelekileyo weenkqubo "zosapho kunye nolwalamano" lweendawo zamandulo ezazingenakufumaneka kwi-anthropology kunye ne-ethnography ngenye indlela.
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Iingxelo:
- Marsh, WA, Brace, S. & Barnes, I. Inferring biological kinship kwiiseti zedatha zakudala: ukuthelekisa impendulo yeepakethe zesoftware ezikhethekileyo zeDNA kwidatha ephantsi yokhuselo. BMC Genomics 24, 111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09198-4
- Fowler, C., Olalde, I., Cummings, V. et al. Umfanekiso onesisombululo esiphezulu sezenzo zokuzalana kwingcwaba le-Early Neolithic. Indalo 601, 584-587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
- Rivollat, M., Rohrlach, AB, Ringbauer, H. et al. Umnombo obanzi utyhila umbutho wentlalo yoluntu lwe-Neolithic. Indalo (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8
- UMax-Planck-Gesellschaft 2023. Iindaba - Imithi yentsapho evela kwi-Neolithic yaseYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-26 kaJulayi 2023. Iyafumaneka e https://www.mpg.de/20653021/0721-evan-family-trees-from-the-european-neolithic-150495-x
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