Abantu bamandulo babecinga ukuba senziwe 'ziintsika' ezine – amanzi, umhlaba, umlilo nomoya; esaziyo ngoku ayizoziqalelo. Okwangoku, kukho izinto ezili-118. Zonke iziqalelo zenziwe ngeeathom ekukade kucingwa ukuba azinakwahlulwa. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini emva kokufunyaniswa kukaJ. J. Thompson kunye noRutherford, iiathom zazisaziwa ngokuba zenziwe ngeenuclei (ezenziwe ngeeprotons kunye neeneutron) embindini kunye neeelectron. ukujikeleza ngeenxa zonke. Ngoo-1970s, kwakusaziwa ukuba iiprotons kunye ne-neutron azikho sisiseko nokuba zenziwa 'ziphezulu iiquarks' kunye 'ne-down quarks' ngaloo ndlela zenza 'i-electron', 'up quarks' kunye 'ne-down quarks' awona malungu mathathu abalulekileyo kuyo yonke into. kwi yonke. Ngophuhliso olwenzekayo kwifiziksi ye-quantum, sifunde ukuba amasuntswana aphuma, imiqulu okanye iipakethi zamandla emasimini athetha ukuba amasuntswana ayiyosiseko. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yinkalo ephantsi kwayo. Ngoku sinokuthi amasimi e-quantum zezona zibhloko zokwakha ezisisiseko sayo yonke into ekuyo yonke (kuquka iinkqubo zebhayoloji eziphucukileyo ezifana nathi). Sonke senziwe ngamasimi e-quantum. Iipropati zamasuntswana afana nentlawulo yombane kunye nobunzima, ziinkcazo malunga nendlela amasimi abo adibana ngayo namanye amasimi. Umzekelo, ipropathi esiyibiza ngokuba yintlawulo yombane ye-electron yinkcazo malunga nendlela intsimi yee-elektroni edibana ngayo nentsimi ye-electromagnetic. Kwaye. ipropati yobunzima bayo yingxelo malunga nendlela edibana ngayo nentsimi ye-Higgs.
Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye bazibuza ukuba senziwe ngantoni? Yintoni i yonke yenziwe ngantoni? Zeziphi iziseko zokwakha zendalo? Kwaye, yeyiphi imithetho esisiseko yendalo elawula yonke into kwi yonke? Imodeli esemgangathweni yenzululwazi yithiyori ephendula le mibuzo. Kuthiwa le yithiyori eyimpumelelo yesayensi eyakha yakhiwa kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, ithiyori enye ecacisa uninzi lwezinto ezikwi yonke.
Abantu bebesazi kwangethuba ukuba siyilwe ngamalungu. I-elementi nganye, nayo, yenziwe ngeeathom. Ekuqaleni, kwakucingwa ukuba iiathom azinakwahlulwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1897 uJJ Thompson wafumanisa ii-electron zisebenzisa ukukhutshwa kombane nge-cathode ray tube. Kungekudala emva koko, ngowe-1908, owangena ezihlangwini zakhe uRutherford wangqina ngovavanyo lwakhe oludumileyo lwefoil yegolide ukuba iathom inenucleus encinci echajiwe kakuhle embindini ojikeleze i-electron echajiwe kakubi. ii-orbits. Emva koko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ii-nuclei zenziwe ngeeproton kunye ne-neutron.
Ngoo-1970s, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-neutron kunye neeprotons azihlukaniseki kungoko azikho siseko, kodwa iproton neutron nganye yenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinane amathathu abizwa ngokuba ziiquarks azindidi ezimbini – “up quarks” kunye “ne-down quarks” (“ i-quark ephezulu” kunye “ne-down quark” zii-quarks nje ezahlukileyo. Iiprotons zenziwe ngee "up quarks"'' kunye "ne-down quark'' ngelixa i-neutron yenziwe "ngeequarks" ezimbini kunye ne "up quark''. Ke, "i-electron", "up quarks" kunye "ne-down quarks" ngamasuntswana amathathu asisiseko awakha iibhloko zayo yonke into yonke. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuhambela phambili kwenzululwazi, nako oku kuqonda kuye kwabakho iinguqulelo. Imimandla ifunyanwa isisiseko hayi amasuntswana.
Amalungu akasisiseko. Eyona nto ingundoqo yinkalo ephantsi kwazo. Sonke senziwe ngamasimi e-quantum.
Ngokokuqonda kwangoku kwesayensi, yonke into ekhoyo yonke yenziwe ngamaqumrhu angabonakaliyo angabonakaliyo abizwa ngokuba 'yimihlaba' emele iziseko zokwakha zendalo. Intsimi yinto ethe saa yonke kwaye ithatha ixabiso elithile kwindawo nganye kwindawo enokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kufana nezambuku zolwelo ezijikeleza kulo lonke yonke, umzekelo, amasimi kazibuthe kunye nombane zisasazwe kwi yonke. Nangona singenakuwabona amandla ombane okanye imagnethi, ayinto yokwenene nebonakalayo njengoko oko kungqinwa ngamandla esiwavayo xa iimagnethi ezimbini zisondezwa kufutshane. Ngokobuchwephesha be-quantum, amasimi acingelwa ukuba aqhubekile ngokungafaniyo namandla ahlala eqokelelwe kumagaqa athile.
Ithiyori yentsimi ye-Quantum ngumbono wokudibanisa i-quantum mechanics ukuya kumasimi. Ngokwale nto, ulwelo lwe-electron (oko kukuthi amaza amaza olwelo) lubotshelelwa kwimiqulu encinci yamandla. Ezi nqwaba zamandla zibizwa ngokuba zii-electron. Ngaloo ndlela, ii-electron azikho sisiseko. Ngamaza entsimi efanayo engaphantsi. Ngokufanayo, ama-ripples amasimi amabini e-quark abangela "i-quarks" kunye "ne-quarks ephantsi". Kwaye kuyafana kuwo onke amanye amasuntswana kwi yonke. Amabala aphantsi kwayo yonke into. Eyona nto sicinga ngayo njengamasuntswana ngamaza amasimi abotshelelwe abe zizithungu ezincinci zamandla. Iibhloko ezisisiseko zokwakha zethu yonke zezi zinto zifana nolwelo esizibiza ngokuba ngamabala. Amalungu avela nje kula mabala. Kwivacuum ecocekileyo, xa amasuntswana ekhutshiwe ngokupheleleyo, amasimi asekhona.
Ezona nkalo zintathu zisisiseko ze-quantum kwindalo “zi-electron”, “up quark”, kunye “ne-down quark”. Kukho enye yesine ebizwa ngokuba yi-neutrino, nangona kunjalo, ayisenzi thina kodwa idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwenye indawo yonke. I-Neutrinos ikuyo yonke indawo, ihamba kuyo yonke indawo ngaphandle kokunxibelelana.
Imiba yomba: Iindawo ezine ezisisiseko zequantum kunye namasuntswana ahambelana nawo (oko kukuthi, "electron", "up quark", "down quark" kunye ne "neutrino") zenza ibhedi yonke. Ngezizathu ezingaziwayo, la masuntswana amane asisiseko azivelisa kabini. Ii-electron zivelisa kwakhona "i-muon" kunye ne "tau" (ngamaxesha angama-200 kunye namaxesha angama-3000 anzima kunee-electron ngokulandelelana); iiquarks zibangela "i-quark engaqhelekanga" kunye "ne-quark esezantsi"; ii-quarks eziphantsi zibangela "i-charm quark" kunye "ne-quark ephezulu"; ngelixa i-neutrino ivelisa "i-muon neutrino" kunye ne "tau neutrino".
Ngaloo ndlela, kukho iindawo ezili-12 ezivelisa amasuntswana, esiwabiza imimandla yomcimbi.
Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lweenkalo ezili-12 ezenza amasuntswana ali-12 kwi yonke.
Amabala okunyanzelisa: Imiba ye-12 iyasebenzisana ngokusebenzisa amandla amane awohlukeneyo- bekukubi, i-electromagnetism, amandla enyukliya anamandla (sebenzisa kuphela kwisikali esincinci senucleus, bamba iiquarks kunye ngaphakathi kweeproton kunye neeneutron) kunye amandla enyukliya abuthathaka (isebenza kuphela kwisikali esincinci se-nucleus, enoxanduva lokubola kwe-radioactive kwaye iqalise ukudibanisa kwenyukliya). Nganye kula mandla inxulunyaniswa nentsimi - amandla e-electromagnetic anxulunyaniswa nawo intsimi yegluon, amabala anxulumene namandla enyukliya anamandla nabuthathaka W kunye ne-Z boson field kunye nentsimi enxulumene nomxhuzulane ixesha-isithuba ngokwayo.
Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lweendawo ezine zamandla ezinxulumene nemikhosi emine.
| amandla ombane | intsimi yegluon |
| Amandla enyukliya anamandla nabuthathaka | w & z boson intsimi |
| bekukubi | ixesha lesithuba |
The yonke izaliswe ngala mabala ali-16 (amabala ali-12 kunye namabala ama-4 anxulumene nemikhosi emine). Le mimandla isebenzisana kunye ngeendlela ezihambelanayo. Umzekelo, xa indawo ye-electron (enye yemimandla yomcimbi), iqala ukutshangatshangisa phezulu nasezantsi (kuba kukho i-electron phaya), ekhaba kwelinye lamanye amasimi, ithi i-electro-magnetic field ethi, nayo, iya kuthi. kwakhona i-oscillate kunye ne-ripple. Kuya kubakho ukukhanya okukhutshwayo okuya kujikeleza kancinci. Ngexesha elithile, iya kuqalisa ukusebenzisana nentsimi ye-quark, eya kuthi ilandele i-oscillate kunye ne-ripple. Umfanekiso wokugqibela esigqibela ngawo, ngumdaniso ohambelanayo phakathi kwawo onke la mabala, adibanayo.
Intsimi yeHiggs
Ngo-1960, enye intsimi yaxelwa kwangaphambili nguPeter Higgs. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, oku kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda kwethu malunga ne yonke. Kodwa kwakungekho bungqina bovavanyo (intsingiselo, ukuba senza i-Higgs field ripple, kufuneka sibone i-particle ehambelana nayo) kude kube yi-2012 xa abaphandi be-CERN kwi-LHC babika ukufunyanwa kwayo. I-particle iziphathe ngokuchanekileyo ngendlela echazwe ngayo imodeli. I-particle ye-Higgs inobomi obufutshane kakhulu, malunga ne-10-22 imizuzwana.
Le yayiyibhloko yokugqibela yokwakha yonke. Oku kubhaqwa kwakubalulekile kuba eli candelo linoxanduva kwinto esiyibiza ngokuba yimass kwi yonke.
Iipropati zamasuntswana (njengentlawulo yombane kunye nobunzima) ziinkcazo malunga nendlela amasimi azo adibana ngayo namanye amabala.
Kukudibana kwamabala akhoyo kwi yonke ezibangela iipropati ezifana nobunzima, intlawulo njl. Umzekelo, ipropathi esiyibiza ngokuba yintlawulo yombane ye-electron yingxelo emalunga nendlela intsimi ye-electron edibana ngayo ne-electromagnetic field. Ngokufanayo, ipropati yobunzima bayo yinkcazo malunga nendlela edibana ngayo nentsimi ye-Higgs.
Ukuqonda intsimi ye-Higgs yayifuneka ngokwenene ukuze siqonde intsingiselo yobunzima yonke. Ukufunyanwa kwentsimi ye-Higgs kwakhona kwaqinisekiswa ngoMfanekiso oMgangatho okhoyo ukususela ngo-1970.
Imimandla yeQuantum kunye nefiziksi yesuntswana ziinkalo zokufunda eziguqukayo. Ukususela ekufunyanweni kwentsimi ye-Higgs, uphuhliso oluninzi lwenzekile olunempembelelo kwimodeli esemgangathweni. Ukufuna iimpendulo zemida yoMgangatho oMgangatho uyaqhubeka.
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Imithombo:
I-Royal Institution 2017. I-Quantum Fields: Iibhloko zeZakhiwo zangempela ze-Universe - kunye noDavid Tong. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNVQfWC_evg
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