Imvelaphi yamandla aphezulu i-neutrino ziye zalandwa okokuqala ngqa, ukusombulula imfihlakalo ebalulekileyo yeenkwenkwezi
Ukuqonda nokufunda ngakumbi amandla okanye umcimbi, uphononongo lwamasuntswana angaphantsi kweatom angaqondakaliyo lubaluleke kakhulu. Iingcali zefiziksi zijonga amasuntswana angaphantsi kweathom- neutrinos -ukufumana ukuqonda ngakumbi ngeziganeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezivela kuzo. Sazi ngeenkwenkwezi ingakumbi ilanga ngokufunda neutrinos. Kuninzi kakhulu ekufuneka kufundwe malunga ne yonke kunye nokuqonda indlela i-neutrinos esebenza ngayo lelona nyathelo libalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inzululwazi enomdla kwiPhysics kunye neAstronomy.
Yintoni i-neutrinos?
I-neutrinos zingumphunga (kwaye ziguquguquka kakhulu) amasuntswana aphantse angabinabunzima, akukho ntlawulo yombane kwaye angadlula kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwemiba ngaphandle kotshintsho ngokwazo. I-Neutrinos inokufezekisa oku ngokumelana neemeko ezigqithisileyo kunye neendawo ezixineneyo njengeenkwenkwezi, iplanethi kwaye iindidi. Uphawu olubalulekileyo lwe-neutrinos kukuba aluze lunxibelelane nomcimbi kwindawo ezingqongileyo kwaye oku kubenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlalutya. Kwakhona, zikhona “kwiincasa” ezintathu – i-electron, i-tau kunye ne-muon kwaye zitshintsha phakathi kwezi ncasa xa zi-oscillating. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"mixing" phenomena kwaye le yeyona ndawo ingaqhelekanga yophononongo xa kuqhutywa imifuniselo kwi-neutrinos. Iimpawu ezinamandla kakhulu ze-neutrinos kukuba zithwala ulwazi olulodwa malunga nemvelaphi yazo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ii-neutrinos nangona zinamandla amakhulu, azinayo ntlawulo ke ngoko zihlala zingachatshazelwa yimagnethi yawo nawaphina amandla. Imvelaphi ye-neutrinos ayaziwa ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi lwazo luvela elangeni kodwa inani elincinci ngakumbi abo banamandla aphezulu bavela kwimimandla enzulu ye isithuba. Esi seso sizathu sokuba eyona mvelaphi yaba babhaduli babalekayo yayingekaziwa kwaye babizwa ngokuba “ngamasuntswana omoya”.
Imvelaphi ye-neutrino ene-energy ephezulu ilandwa
Kwizifundo ezingamawele ezaphula umhlaba kwi-astronomy epapashwe kwi inzululwazi, abaphandi baye okwesihlandlo sokuqala balanda imvelaphi yesiporho sesuntswana leatomic neutrino elafunyanwa nzulu kumkhenkce e-Antarctica emva kokuba lihambe iminyaka eyi-3.7 yeebhiliyoni iplanethi umhlaba1,2. Lo msebenzi uphunyezwa ngentsebenziswano yeenzululwazi ezingaphezu kwama-300 kunye namaziko angama-49. I-neutrinos ezinamandla aphezulu zabhaqwa sesona sixhobo sikhulu se-IceCube esakha samiselwa eSouth Pole yi-IceCube Neutrino Observatory nzulu kumaleko womkhenkce. Ukuze kuphunyezwe usukelo lwabo, kwembiwa imingxuma engama-86 kumkhenkce, ngamnye enesiqingatha seekhilomitha ubunzulu, yaza yasasazwa kuthungelwano lwezivamvo zokukhanya ezingaphezu kwama-5000 ngaloo ndlela igubungela ummandla osi-1 cubic kilometer iyonke. Isixhobo sokubona i-IceCube, esilawulwa yi-US National Science Foundation, sisixhobo esikhulu sokubona iintambo ezibandakanya iintambo ezingama-86 ezifakwa kwimingxuma etsala ukuya kutsho kumkhenkce onzulu. Abachongi barekhoda ukukhanya okuluhlaza okukhethekileyo okukhutshwayo xa i-neutrino idibana nenucleus yeatom. Iineutrinos ezininzi ezinamandla aphezulu zabhaqwa kodwa zazingenakulandeleka de kwafunyanwa i-neutrino enamandla angama-300 ee-electron volts zetriliyoni phantsi komkhenkce. La mandla aphantse abe ngama-50 makhulu kunawo amandla eeprotons ezijikeleza ngeLarge Hardon Collider eyiyeyona inamandla kakhulu iaccelerator kule. iplanethi. Nje ukuba oku kufunyaniswe kwenziwe, inkqubo yexesha lokwenyani iqokelelwe ngokwendlela kwaye iqokelele idatha, yayo yonke ispectrum ye-electromagnetic, kwiilabhoratri ezisemhlabeni kunye nakwi. isithuba malunga nemvelaphi yale neutrino.
I-neutrino ilandwe ngempumelelo emva kokukhanya Galaxy eyaziwa ngokuba yi "blazer". I-Blazer yi-elliptical enkulu esebenzayo Galaxy ngeejethi ezimbini ezikhupha iineutrinos kunye nemitha yegamma. Inobukhulu obahlukileyo kunye nokujikeleza ngokukhawuleza Umngxunya omnyama kwiziko layo kunye ne Galaxy ibheka eMhlabeni ijikeleze isantya sokukhanya. Enye yeejethi zeblazer inomlingiswa oqaqambileyo ovuthayo kwaye ikhomba ngqo emhlabeni inika oku Galaxy igama layo. Iblazer Galaxy ibekwe kwicala lasekhohlo leqela leenkwenkwezi zeOrion kwaye lo mgama umalunga ne-4 yeebhiliyoni zokukhanya kweminyaka ukusuka eMhlabeni. Zombini ii-neutrinos kunye nemitha ye-gamma zichongiwe kwi-observatory kunye neeteleskopu ezingama-20 zizonke emhlabeni nakwi- isithuba. Olu phononongo lokuqala lubonise ukufunyanwa kwe-neutrinos kunye nesifundo sesibini esilandelayo sabonisa ukuba i-blazer Galaxy yayivelise ezi neutrinos ngaphambili kwakhona ngo-2014 kunye no-2015. Iblazer ngokuqinisekileyo ngumthombo we-neutrinos enamandla kakhulu kwaye ke imitha ye-cosmic nayo.
Ukufunyanwa kweGround-breaking kwi-astronomy
Ukufunyanwa kwezi neutrinos yimpumelelo enkulu kwaye kunokwenza ukuba uphononongo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwe yonke ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Izazinzulu zithi oku kufunyaniswe kusenokubanceda ukuba balandele emva, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, imvelaphi yemitha yendalo engaqondakaliyo. Le mitha ngamaqhekeza eeathom ezehlela eMhlabeni zivela ngaphandle kwesixokelelwano selanga elivutha ngesantya sokukhanya. Batyholwa ngokubangela iingxaki kwiisathelayithi, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano njl. Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-neutrinos, imitha ye-cosmic ihlawuliswa ngamasuntswana ngoko ke amasimi omagnetic ahlala echaphazela kwaye etshintsha indlela yawo kwaye oku kwenza kube nzima ukulandelela imvelaphi yabo. Imitha ye-cosmic ibingumxholo wophando kwi-astronomy ixesha elide kwaye nangona yafunyanwa ngo-1912, imitha ye-cosmic ihlala iyimfihlakalo enkulu.
Kwixesha elizayo, i-neutrino observatory kwizinga elikhulu usebenzisa iziseko ezifanayo njengoko zisetyenziswe kolu phononongo lunokufikelela kwiziphumo ezikhawulezayo kunye nokufumanisa ngakumbi kunokwenziwa ukutyhila imithombo emitsha ye-neutrinos. Olu phononongo lwenziwe ngokurekhoda imigqaliselo emininzi kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo idatha kwi-spectrum ye-electromagnetic ibalulekile ukuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu yonke iindlela zefiziksi ezilawulayo. Ngumfanekiso ophambili we-astronomy “ye-multimessenger” esebenzisa ubuncinci iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zomqondiso ukuphonononga icosmos iyenza ibe namandla ngakumbi kwaye ichaneke ekwenzeni oko kufunyaniswe kwenzeke. Le ndlela iye yanceda ukufumanisa ukungqubana kweenkwenkwezi ze-neutron kunye amaza omxhuzulane kwixa elidlulileyo. Ngamnye kwaba bathunywa usinika ulwazi olutsha malunga ne yonke kunye neziganeko ezinamandla emoyeni. Kwakhona, inokunceda ekuqondeni ngakumbi malunga neziganeko ezigqithisileyo ezenzeke kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ebeka la masuntswana ukwenza uhambo lwawo lokuya eMhlabeni.
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{Unokufunda iphepha lokuqala lophando ngokunqakraza ikhonkco le-DOI elinikwe ngezantsi kuluhlu lwemithombo ecatshulweyo (s)}
Umthombo (s)
1.I-IceCube Collaboration et al. 2018. Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-Multimessenger ye-blazar evuthayo ihambelana ne-neutrino ene-energy IceCube-170922A. inzululwazi. 361(6398). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1378
2.I-IceCube Collaboration et al. 2018. Ukukhutshwa kwe-Neutrino ukusuka kwicala le-blazar TXS 0506 + 056 ngaphambi kwe-IceCube-170922A isilumkiso. inzululwazi. 361(6398). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2890
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