Ii-accelerator ze-particle zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zophando kuphononongo lwendalo iphela yamandulo. Ii-Hadron colliders (ingakumbi i-CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC) kunye nee-electron-positron colliders ziphambili ekuphononongeni indalo iphela yamandulo. Uvavanyo lwe-ATLAS kunye ne-CMS kwi-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) yaba yimpumelelo ekufumaneni i-Higgs boson ngo-2012. I-Muon collider ingasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizifundo ezinjalo nangona kunjalo ayikayinyani okwangoku. Abaphandi ngoku baphumelele ukukhawulezisa i-muon elungileyo ukuya malunga ne-4% yesantya sokukhanya. Oku kupholisa kokuqala kunye nokukhawuleziswa kwemuon ehlabathini. Njengomboniso wobungqina bengcinga, oku kuvula indlela yokufezekiswa kwe-accelerator yokuqala ye-muon kungekudala.
Indalo yangaphambili ngoku iphononongwa yiJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Izinikele ngokukodwa kufundo lwendalo iphela, i-JWST ikwenza oko ngokuchola imiqondiso ye-optical/infrared evela kwiinkwenkwezi zokuqala kunye neminyele eyenziwe kwiNdalo yonke emva kweBig Bang. Kutshanje, i-JWST ifumene ngempumelelo owona mnyele ukude we-JADES-GS-z14-0 owenziwe kwindalo yokuqala malunga ne-290 yezigidi zeminyaka emva kweBig Bang.
Kukho izigaba ezithathu zendalo iphela – era radiation, matter era kunye nexesha langoku lamandla amnyama. Ukususela kwiBig Bang ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emalunga nama-50,000 200, indalo yayilawulwa yimitha. Oku kwalandelwa lixesha lomcimbi. Ixesha le-galactic lexesha elathatha malunga ne-3 yezigidi zeminyaka emva kweBig Bang ukuya kwi-XNUMX yeebhiliyoni zeminyaka emva kweBig Bang yaphawulwa ngokuyilwa kwezakhiwo ezikhulu njengeminyele. Eli xesha lidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yindalo yamandulo” efundiswa yiJWST.
“Indalo yamandulo” ibhekisela kwisigaba sokuqala sendalo iphela ngokukhawuleza emva kweBig Bang xa kwakushushu ngokugqithisileyo yaye yayilawulwa ngokupheleleyo yimitha. I-Plank epoch lithuba lokuqala le-radiation era yathatha iBig Bang ukuya kwi-10.-43 s. Ngobushushu be1032 K, indalo ibishushu kakhulu ngeli xesha. Ixesha lePlanck lalandelwa yiQuark, Lepton, kunye neNyukliya epochs; zonke beziphila ixesha elifutshane kodwa ziphawulwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu athe ancipha ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko indalo iphela yayisanda.
Ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo kwesi sigaba sokuqala sendalo iphela akunakwenzeka. Yintoni enokwenziwa kukubuyisela iimeko zemizuzu emithathu yokuqala yendalo iphela emva kweBig Bang kwi-particle accelerators. Idatha eveliswa ngokungqubuzana kweengqungquthela kwi-accelerators / colliders inikezela ngefestile engathanga ngqo kwindalo yonke yokuqala.
IiColliders zizixhobo zophando ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-particle physics. Ezi zisetyhula okanye oomatshini bomgca abakhawulezisa amasuntswana ukuya kwisantya esiphezulu kakhulu kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya kwaye abavumele ukuba bangqubane kwelinye isuntswana elivela kwelinye icala okanye ngokuchasene nethagethi. Ungquzulwano luvelisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokugqithisileyo ngokolandelelwano lweetriliyoni ze-Kelvin (ezifana neemeko ezikhoyo kwixesha langaphambili lexesha lemitha yemitha). Amandla amasuntswana angqubanayo ayongezwa kungoko amandla ongquzulwano aphezulu athi ajike abe yinkqunto ngendlela yamasuntswana amakhulu awayekho kwindalo yonke yamandulo ngokokulingana kobunzima bobunzima. Unxibelelwano olunjalo phakathi kwamasuntswana anamandla aphezulu kwiimeko ezazikho kwindalo yonke yamandulo kunika iifestile kwihlabathi elingenakufikeleleka ngelo xesha kunye nohlalutyo lweemveliso zongquzulwano lunika indlela yokuqonda imithetho elawulayo yefiziksi.
Mhlawumbi, owona mzekelo udumileyo we-colliders yi-CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) okt, ii-colliders ezinkulu apho ii-hadrons (amasuntswana adibeneyo enziwe ngee-quarks kuphela njengeproton kunye ne-neutron) zingqubana. Yeyona ngqukuva inkulu kwaye inamandla ehlabathini eyenza ukungqubana kumandla e-13 TeV (teraelectronvolts) awona mandla aphezulu afikelelwa sisithathi-santya. Uphononongo lweeproducts zongquzulwano lutyebile kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukufunyanwa kwe-Higgs boson kwi-2012 yi-ATLAS kunye ne-CMS yokuvavanya kwi-Large Hadron Collider (LHC) yinto ephawulekayo kwisayensi.
Isikali sokufunda ukusebenzisana kwamasuntswana sigqitywe ngamandla e-accelerator. Ukuphonononga kwizikali ezincinci nezincinci, umntu ufuna i-accelerators zamandla aphezulu naphezulu. Ke, kusoloko kukho ukufuna i-accelerators yamandla aphezulu kunangoku ekhoyo ukuze kuphononongwe ngokupheleleyo imodeli eqhelekileyo ye-particle physics kunye nophando kwizikali ezincinci. Ke ngoko, uninzi lwee-accelerators zamandla aphezulu zisendleleni ngoku.
I-CERN's High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), enokuthi isebenze ngo-2029, yenzelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-LHC ngokwandisa inani lokungqubana ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufunda iindlela ezaziwayo kwiinkcukacha ezithe vetshe. Kwelinye icala, iFuture Circular Collider (FCC) yiprojekthi yeCERN enebhongo eliphezulu kakhulu lee-particle collider collider project eya kuba malunga ne-100 km kumjikelo weemitha ezingama-200 ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye iza kulandela ukusuka kwiLarge Hadron Collider (LHC). Ukwakhiwa kwayo kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqale ngo-2030 kwaye kuya kuphunyezwa kwizigaba ezibini: i-FCC-ee (imilinganiselo echanekileyo) iya kusebenza phakathi kwe-2040s ngelixa i-FCC-hh (amandla aphezulu) iqala ukusebenza kwi-2070s. I-FCC kufuneka iphonononge ubukho bamancinci amatsha, anzima, ngaphaya kokufikelela kwe-LHC kunye nobukho beengqungquthela ezikhaphukhaphu ezisebenzisana buthathaka kakhulu kunye neencinci zeMigangatho yoMgangatho.
Ngaloo ndlela, elinye iqela lamasuntswana angqubana kwi-collider yi-hadrons efana neeproton kunye neenuclei ezingamasuntswana adibeneyo enziwe ngeequarks. Ezi zinzima kwaye zivumela abaphandi ukuba bafikelele kumandla aphezulu njengakwimeko ye-LHC. Elinye iqela lelepton ezifana neeelectron kunye neepositrons. Ezi ngqungquthela ziyakwazi ukungqubana njengoko kunjalo kwi-Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEPC) kunye ne-SuperKEKB collider. Omnye umba ophambili nge-electron-positron esekelwe kwi-lepton collider yilahleko enkulu yamandla ngenxa yemitha ye-synchrotron xa amasuntswana enyanzelwa kwi-orbit ejikelezayo enokoyiswa ngokusebenzisa iimuons. Njengee-electron, ii-muons ziyi-particle yokuqala kodwa zinzima ngamaxesha angama-200 kunee-electron kungoko ilahleko yamandla incinci ngenxa yemitha ye-synchrotron.
Ngokungafaniyo ne-hadron collider, i-muon collider inokubaleka isebenzisa amandla amancinci okwenza i-10 TeV muon collider ihambelana ne-100 TeV hadron collider. Ke ngoko, ii-muon colliders zinokuba zifanelekileyo ngakumbi emva kokuKhanya okuPhezulu kweHadron Collider enkulu (HL - LHC) kuvavanyo lwefiziksi yamandla aphezulu nge-FCC-ee, okanye I-CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) okanye ILC (I-International Linear Collider). Ukunika ixesha elide lokungqubana kwamandla aphezulu kwixesha elizayo, i-muon colliders inokuba sisixhobo sophando esinokubakho kwi-particle physics kumashumi amathathu eminyaka azayo. I-Muons ingaba luncedo kumlinganiselo we-ultra-chaneke we-anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) kunye ne-electric dipole moment (EDM) ekuhloleni ngaphaya kwemodeli eqhelekileyo. Itekhnoloji ye-muon inezicelo nakwiinkalo ezininzi zophando lwezifundo ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho imiceli mngeni yobugcisa ekuqondeni ii-muon colliders. Ngokungafaniyo neehadroni kunye nee-electron ezingaboliyo, iimuons zinobomi obufutshane be-2.2 microseconds ngaphambi kokuba ibole ibe yi-electron kunye neutrinos. Kodwa ubomi be-muon buyanda ngamandla abonisa ukubola kwayo kunokuhlehliswa ukuba ikhawuleziswa ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ukukhawulezisa iimuons kunzima ngokobuchwephesha kuba abanalo icala okanye isantya esifanayo.
Kutshanje, abaphandi baseJapan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) baye baphumelela ekoyiseni imingeni yetekhnoloji ye-muon. Baphumelele ukukhawulezisa i-muon elungileyo ukuya malunga ne-4% yesantya sokukhanya okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni. Lo ibingumboniso wokuqala wokupholisa kunye nokukhawuleziswa kwe-muon eyakhayo emva kweminyaka yophuhliso oluqhubekayo lokupholisa kunye nobuchwepheshe bokukhawulezisa.
I-proton accelerator e-J-PARC ivelisa malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeemuons ngomzuzwana. Oku kwenziwa ngokukhawulezisa iiprotons ukuya kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya kunye nokuzivumela ukuba zibethe igraphite zenze iipions. Iimuons zenziwe njengemveliso yokubola kweepions.
Iqela lophando livelise iimuons ezintle ezinesantya esimalunga ne-30% yesantya sokukhanya kwaye sazidubula kwi-silica aerogel. I-muons evumelekileyo ukuba idibanise nee-electron kwi-silica airgel ebangela ukwakheka kwe-muonium (i-athomu engathathi hlangothi, efana ne-athomu okanye i-athomu ye-pseudo equkethe i-muon enhle kwiziko kunye ne-electron ejikeleze i-muon enhle). Emva koko, ii-electron zahluthwa kwi-muonium ngokusebenzisa i-irradiation nge-laser eyanika ii-muons ezilungileyo zipholile ukuya malunga ne-0.002% yesantya sokukhanya. Emva koko, iimuons ezipholileyo ezipholileyo zaye zakhawuleziswa kusetyenziswa ibala lombane lerediyo-frequency. Iimuon ezikhawulezayo eziye zadalwa zazalathisa ngenxa yokuba zaqala ukusuka kufutshane neqanda ukuba zibe ngumqa we-muon ohamba phambili njengoko zaye zakhawuleziswa zafikelela malunga ne-4% yesantya sokukhanya. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwitekhnoloji yokukhawulezisa ye-muon.
Iqela lophando liceba ukukhawulezisa i-muons emihle ukuya kwi-94% yesantya sokukhanya.
***
Iingxelo:
- IYunivesithi yaseOregon. Indalo yamandulo-ekuqalekeni kukaTim. Ifumaneka e https://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/astr123/Notes/Chapter27.html
- I-CERN. Ukukhawulezisa isayensi - i-Muon collider. Ifumaneka e https://home.cern/science/accelerators/muon-collider
- J-PARC. Ukukhutshwa kweendaba – ukupholisa kokuqala kwehlabathi kunye nokukhawuleziswa kwe-muon. Ithunyelwe nge-23 kuMeyi 2024. Iyafumaneka e https://j-parc.jp/c/en/press-release/2024/05/23001341.html
- U-Aritome S., et al., 2024. Ukukhawuleziswa kwee-muons ezilungileyo nge-radio-frequency cavity. Ukuprintwa kwangaphambili kwi-arXiv. Ingeniswe nge-15 ka-Okthobha 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.11367
***
Amanqaku afanelekileyo
Amasuntswana asisiseko Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza. I-Quantum entanglement phakathi kwe "Quarks eziphezulu" kumandla aphezulu ajongiwe (I-22 kaSeptemba 2024).
***
