Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-26 cm unomathotholo Iimpawu, ezenziwe ngenxa yenguqu ye-hyperfine ye-cosmic hydrogen zibonelela ngesinye isixhobo kuphononongo lwakwangoko yonke. Ngokuphathelele ixesha lokungathathi hlangothi komntwana yonke xa kungekho kukhanya kukhutshwayo, imigca ye-26 cm mhlawumbi yifestile kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zitshintshile unomathotholo imiqondiso ekhutshwa yicosmic hydrogen ekuqaleni yonke babuthathaka kakhulu kwaye bebenqabile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kwi-2018, uvavanyo lwe-EDGE luchaze ukufunyanwa kweempawu ze-26 cm kodwa iziphumo azikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa ngokuzimeleyo. Umba ophambili yayisisixhobo esicwangcisiweyo kunye nokungcoliseka kweminye imiqondiso evela esibhakabhakeni. Uvavanyo lwe-REACH kukusebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo yokoyisa umqobo. Kuyathenjwa ukuba eli qela lophando liya kukwazi ngokuthembekileyo ukubhaqa le miqondiso inzima kungekudala. Ukuba uphumelele, i-REACH Experiment inokuzisa i-'26 cm ye-astronomy yerediyo' phambili kuphononongo lwakwangoko. yonke kwaye usincede kakhulu ekutyhileni iimfihlakalo zakwangoko yonke.
Xa kufikwa kufundo lwe indalo yokuqala, igama elisanda kuqaliswa UJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST) zivela ezingqondweni zethu. IJWST, umlandeli ophumelele kakhulu Hubble iteleskopu, yi a isithuba-esekelwe, i-infrared observatory exhotyiselwe ukubamba imiqondiso ye-optical / infrared evela kwiinkwenkwezi zokuqala kunye neminyele eyenziwe kwigalaksi Ehlabathini ngokukhawuleza emva kweBig Bang1. Nangona kunjalo, IJWST inomda ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngokuchola imiqondiso ukusuka kwixesha elingathathi hlangothi le indalo yokuqala ichaphazelekayo.
Itheyibhile: Ii-Epochs kwimbali ye yonke ukusukela kwiBig Bang
(Umthombo: Philosophy of Cosmology - 21 cm ngasemva. Ifumaneka apha http://philosophy-of-cosmology.ox.ac.uk/images/21-cm-background.jpg)
Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-380 k kwiminyaka emva kwe-big bang, i yonke yayizaliswe yigesi eyonisiweyo kwaye yayingacacanga ngokupheleleyo. Phakathi kwe-380k - 400 yezigidi zeminyaka, i yonke yayingathabathi cala yaye yayingafihli nto. Ixesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona laqala emva kwesi sigaba ukuqala izigidi ezingama-400 emva kogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu.
Ngexesha lokungathathi hlangothi kwangaphambili yonke, xa i yonke yazaliswa ngeegesi ezingathathi hlangothi kwaye yayingafihli, akukho siginali ye-optical yakhutshwa (kungoko ibizwa ngokuba yi-dark age). Izinto ezidityanisiweyo azikhuphi kukhanya. Oku kubangela umngeni ekufundeni kwangaphambili Ehlabathini ixesha elingathathi hlangothi. Nangona kunjalo, imitha ye-microwave ye-21 cm ubude (ehambelana ne-1420 MHz) ekhutshwa yi-hydrogen ebandayo, engathathi hlangothi ye-cosmic ngeli xesha ngenxa yenguqu ye-hyperfine (ukusuka kwi-parallel spin ukuya kwi-spin ezinzileyo ye-anti-parallel spin) inika amathuba kubaphandi. Le mitha ye-microwave eyi-21 cm iya kutshintshwa xa ifika eMhlabeni kwaye iya kujongwa kwi-200MHz ukuya kwi-10 MHz frequencies njengamaza erediyo.2,3.
I-21 cm ye-astronomy yerediyo: Ukuqwalaselwa kweempawu ze-hydrogen ze-hydrogen ezizisentimitha ezingama-21 kunika enye indlela yofundo lwexesha lokuqala. yonke ngakumbi kwisigaba sexesha elingathathi hlangothi ebesingenako nakuphi na ukukhutshwa kokukhanya. Oku kunokusazisa malunga nefiziksi entsha enjengokusasazwa kwezinto ngokuhamba kwexesha, amandla amnyama, into emnyama, ubunzima be-neutrino, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso.2.
Nangona kunjalo, imiqondiso ye-21-cm ekhutshwe yi-hydrogen ye-cosmic ngexesha lokuqala yonke isigaba sinzima. Kulindeleke ukuba ibe buthathaka kakhulu (malunga nekhulu lamawaka ngokuphindwe buthathaka kunezinye iimpawu zikanomathotholo eziphuma esibhakabhakeni). Ngenxa yoko, le ndlela yokufundisa isesebusaneni.
Ngo-2018, abaphandi baye baxela ukufunyanwa kweso siginali yerediyo kwi-78 MHz iprofayile yayo yayihambelana kakhulu nolindelo lwe-21-centimeter yesiginali ekhutshwe yi-primordial cosmic hydrogen.4. Kodwa oku kuchongwa komqondiso werediyo we-21-cm yokuqala akukwazanga kuqinisekiswa ngokuzimeleyo kungoko ukuthembeka kovavanyo akunakusekwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Owona mba uphambili ubonakala ungcoliseka ngemiqondiso yerediyo yangaphambili.
Imbali yamva nje yingxelo yoMfuniselo weRadiyo woHlahlo lweCosmic Hydrogen (REACH) ngomhla wama-21 Julayi 2022. I-REACH iya kusebenzisa indlela entsha yovavanyo yokufumanisa ezi miqondiso yerediyo ibuthathaka ibuthathaka ngoko inika ithemba elitsha loqinisekiso lwemiqondiso ye-cosmic yeesentimitha ezingama-21.
I-Radio Experiment yoVavanyo lwe-Cosmic Hydrogen (REACH) luvavanyo oluphakathi kwe-21-cm. Oku kujolise ekuphuculeni uqwalaselo ngokulawula imiba ejongene nezixhobo ezinxulumene nentsalela yeempawu zenkqubo kwidatha. Igxininisa ekubhaqweni nasekuchazeni ngokudibeneyo inkqubo kunye nephambili kunye nomqondiso we-cosmological usebenzisa izibalo ze-Bayesian. I lokulinga ibandakanya ukuqwalaselwa ngaxeshanye kunye nee-eriyali ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, inkqubo ye-ultra-wideband (uluhlu lwe-redshift malunga ne-7.5 ukuya kwi-28) kunye ne-receiver calibrator esekelwe kwimilinganiselo yangaphakathi.
Olu phuhliso lubalulekile xa lunikwe amandla okuba sesinye sezona zixhobo zingcono (kunye neendleko ezisebenzayo kakhulu nge-vis-a-vis isithuba-based observatory ezifana UJames Webb) ukufunda kwangethuba yonke kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokungeniswa kwefiziksi esisiseko entsha.
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Iingxelo:
- Prasad U., 2021.James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): I-First Space Observatory enikezelwe kwiSifundo se-Early Universe. Inzululwazi yaseYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-6 Novemba 2021. Iyafumaneka e https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/sciences/space/james-webb-space-telescope-jwst-the-first-space-observatory-dedicated-to-the-study-of-early-universe/
- I-Pritchard JA kunye noLoeb A., 2012. I-21 cm ye-cosmology ngekhulu lama-21. Iingxelo ngeNkqubela kwiFiziksi 75 086901. Iyafumaneka apha https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/75/8/086901. Ukuprintwa kwangaphambili kwi-arXiv ekhoyo https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6012 inguqulelo yepdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.6012.pdf
- IYunivesithi yaseOxford. Ifilosofi yeCosmology - imvelaphi ye-21 cm. Ifumaneka e http://philosophy-of-cosmology.ox.ac.uk/21cm-background.html
- Bowman, J., Rogers, A., Monsalve, R. et al. Iprofayile yokufunxa egxile kwi-78 megahertz kwi-avareji yespectrum esibhakabhakeni. Indalo 555, 67-70 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25792
- de Lera Acedo, E., de Villiers, DIL, Razavi-Ghods, N. et al. I-radiometer REACH yokufumanisa i-21-cm yesiginali ye-hydrogen ukusuka kwi-redshift z ≈ 7.5-28. UNat Astron (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01709-9
- U-Eloy de Lera Acedo 2022. Ukutyhila iimfihlakalo ze-Universe yosana kunye ne-REACH radiometer. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://astronomycommunity.nature.com/posts/u
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