Izazinzulu zaseLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) ziphumelele fusion Umlilo kunye amandla Yaphula nalapho. Ngo-5th NgoDisemba ka-2022, iqela lophando lenze umfuniselo olawulayo wokudityaniswa kusetyenziswa iilaser xa imiqadi yelaser eyi-192 yazisa ngaphezulu kwe-2 yezigidi zeejowuli zamandla e-UV kwipellet encinci yamafutha kwigumbi ekujoliswe kulo le-cryogenic kwaye yafumana ukuqhawuka kwamandla, okuthetha ukuba umfuniselo wokudibanisa uvelise amandla angaphezu kwawa. inikwe yilaser ukuyiqhuba. Le mpumelelo yaphunyezwa okokuqala ezimbalini emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokusebenza nzima. Esi sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwezenzululwazi kwaye sineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwithemba lokudityaniswa kwamandla acocekileyo kwixa elizayo kuqoqosho lwe-net-zero carbon, ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokugcina isithintelo senyukliya ngaphandle kokubhenela kuvavanyo lwenyukliya kukhuselo lwesizwe. Ngaphambili, ngo-8thEyeThupha ka-2021, iqela lophando lalifikelele kumda womlilo wokudityaniswa. Uvavanyo luvelise amandla amaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilingelo lokudibanisa ngaphambili kodwa ukuqhawuka kwamandla akuzange kuphunyezwe. Uvavanyo lwamva nje olwenziwe kwi-5th NgoDisemba ka-2022 ufezekise umsebenzi wokuqhawula amandla-ngokunjalo ukubonelela ngobungqina bokuba ukudibanisa inyukliya elawulwayo kunokusetyenziswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla, nangona kunjalo. Usetyenziso lwamandla odibaniso olusebenzayo lusenokuba kude kakhulu.
Nyukliya Iimpendulo zivelisa izixa ezikhulu zamandla alingana nobungakanani bobunzima obulahlekileyo, ngokobunzima-eneji yolingano lwenxaki elinganayo E=MC2 kaEinstein. Iimpembelelo ze-Fission ezibandakanya ukophuka kwe-nuclei yesibaso senyukliya (ii elementi ezine-radioactive ezifana ne-uranium-235) ngoku zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zenyukliya zokuvelisa amandla. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo zenyukliya ezisekelwe kwi-fission ziqhuba imingcipheko ephezulu yabantu neyendalo njengoko kubonakala kwimeko yaseChernobyl, kwaye zaziwa ngokuvelisa inkunkuma eyingozi ye-radioactive enobomi obude obude ekunzima kakhulu ukuyilahla.
Kwindalo, iinkwenkwezi ezifana nelanga lethu, fusion yenyukliya okubandakanya ukudityaniswa kweenuclei ezincinci zehydrogen yindlela yokuvelisa amandla. Ukudityaniswa kweNyukliya, ngokungafaniyo ne-nuclear fission, kufuna ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo ukwenzela ukuba ii-nuclei zihlangane. Le mfuno yobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo luhlangatyezwa kumbindi welanga apho ukudityaniswa kwe-hydrogen nuclei yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuvelisa amandla kodwa ukuphinda kwenziwe ezi meko zinzima emhlabeni akuzange kwenzeke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwimeko yelabhoratri elawulwayo kwaye ngenxa yoko, izixhobo zenyukliya zokudibanisa azikabi yinyani okwangoku. (Ukudityaniswa kwe-thermonuclear okungalawulwayo kubushushu obugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo olwenziwa ngokuqalisa isixhobo sokuqhekeka ngumgaqo osemva kwesixhobo se-hydrogen).
Yayingu-Arthur Eddington owaqala ukucebisa, emva phayaa ngo-1926, ukuba iinkwenkwezi zifumana amandla azo ekudibaneni kwe-hydrogen kwi-helium. Umboniso wokuqala othe ngqo wokudityaniswa kwenyukliya wawuselabhoratri ngo-1934 xa uRutherford wabonisa ukudityaniswa kwe-deuterium kwi-helium kwaye wabona "isiphumo esikhulu saveliswa" ngexesha lenkqubo. Ngokujonga amandla ayo amakhulu okubonelela ngamandla acocekileyo angenasiphelo, kuye kwakho iinzame ezidibeneyo zezazinzulu kunye neenjineli kwihlabathi liphela ukuphindaphinda ukuhlangana kwenyukliya eMhlabeni kodwa ibe ngumsebenzi onyukayo.
Kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ii-electron ziyahlukana kwinuclei zize iiathom zibe yigesi ye-ionised equka ii-nuclei ezi-positive kunye nee-electron ezingezizo, into esiyibiza ngokuba yiplasma, exinene ngokuphindwe ngesigidi ngaphantsi kunomoya. Oku kwenza fusion imeko-bume inzima kakhulu. Ukuze ukudibanisa kwenyukliya kwenzeke kwimekobume engqongileyo (enokuthi ivelise umthamo oncomekayo wamandla), iimeko ezintathu kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nazo; kufuneka kubekho ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu (obunokuthi buxhokonxe amandla amakhulu), kufuneka kubekho uxinano olwaneleyo lweplasma (ukwandisa amathuba okungqubana) kunye neplasma (enotyekelo lokwandisa) kufuneka ivalelwe ixesha elaneleyo vumela ukudibanisa. Oku kwenza uphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso kunye nobuchwepheshe buqulathe kwaye bulawule iplasma eshushu ibe yeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo. Amandla emagnethi anamandla angasetyenziselwa ukujongana neplasma njengakwimeko yeTokamak ye-ITER. Ukuvalelwa kwe-inertial yeplasma yenye enye indlela apho iicapsules ezizaliswe ngee-isotopes ze-hydrogen ezinzima zifakwa kusetyenziswa imiqadi yelaser enamandla kakhulu.
Izifundo zeFusion eziqhutywe kwi Lawrence I-Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) ye-NIF isebenzise ubuchule be-laser-driven implosion (i-inertial confinement fusion). Ngokusisiseko, iicapsules ezinobungakanani bemilimitha ezizaliswe yideuterium kunye ne-tritium zafakwa ngeelaser ezinamandla kakhulu ezivelisa ii-x-reyi. I-capsule iyafudumala kwaye iguquke ibe yiplasma. I-plasma ikhawuleza ngaphakathi ekudaleni uxinzelelo olunzulu kunye neemeko zeqondo lokushisa xa i-fuel kwi-capsule (i-deuterium kunye ne-athomu ye-tritium) i-fuse, ikhupha amandla kunye neengqungquthela ezininzi ezibandakanya i-alpha particles. Amasuntswana akhutshiweyo anxibelelana neplasma ejikelezileyo kwaye ayifudumeze ngakumbi ekhokelela kutshintsho olungakumbi kunye nokukhululwa 'kwamandla kunye namasuntswana' ngakumbi oko kuseka ikhonkco elizigcinayo lokusabela kwefusion (ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-fusion ignition').
Uluntu lophando oludityanisiweyo luzama amashumi eminyaka ukuphumeza 'umlilo odibeneyo'; ukusabela kokudibanisa okuzigcinayo. Ngo8th EyeThupha ka-2021, iqela leLabhoratri yaseLawrence lafika kumda 'wokutshisa i-fusion' abayifumene nge-5.th Disemba 2022. Ngolu suku, ukuvutha kokudibanisa okulawulwayo eMhlabeni kuye kwaba yinyani - isiganeko esibalulekileyo esifunyenweyo kwisayensi!
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