Amandla eFusion: IMPUMAk Tokamak eTshayina ifezekisa iNqanaba eliPhambili

Uvavanyo oluPhezulu lwe-Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) e-China lugcine ngempumelelo ukusebenza komgangatho ozinzileyo weplasma yemizuzwana eyi-1,066 isaphula irekhodi yayo yangaphambili yemizuzwana engama-403 efunyenwe ngo-2023.   

Ngomhla wama-20 kuJanuwari ka-2025, iziko loMfuniselo oluPhezulu lwe-Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) e-China (eyaziwa ngokuba 'lilanga lokwenziwa lase-China') liwugcine ngempumelelo umsebenzi weplasma wokuvalelwa okuphezulu kangangemizuzwana eyi-1,066. Ubude bemizuzwana ye-1,066 linyathelo eliphambili kuphando lwe-fusion; kungoko le mpumelelo isisisiganeko esibalulekileyo kusukelo lokuvelisa umbane odityanisiweyo. Uncedo lwase-EMPUMA ngaphambili lugcine ukusebenza kweplasma ekwisimo esiphakamileyo kangangemizuzwana engama-403 ngo-2023. Ukuze kuvumeleke ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya, izibonelelo zokudibanisa ezilawulwayo kufuneka zifikelele kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-100 yezigidi ℃ ngelixa zigcina ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide.  

I-Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) indawo e-China yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2007. Esi sisixhobo se-tokamak kwaye sisebenze njengeqonga elivulekileyo lokuvavanya izazinzulu ukuba zenze iimfuniselo ezinxulumene nokudibanisa kunye nophando ukususela ekubeni yaqala ukusebenza.  

Isixhobo sase-East tokamak siyafana ne-ITER ngobume kunye nokulingana kodwa sincinci, kodwa sibhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Ineempawu ezintathu ezahlukileyo: icandelo elinqamlezileyo elingeyo-setyhula, iimagnethi ezisebenza ngamandla amakhulu kunye nezinto ezijongene neplasma epholileyo ngamanzi (PFCs). Yenze inkqubela phambili ebonakalayo kwindlela yokuvalelwa kwemagnethi yodibaniso lwenyukliya, ngakumbi ekufezekiseni irekhodi lobushushu beplasma. 

Ukusetyenziswa kweemagnethi ukuvala kunye nokulawula iplasma yenye yeendlela ezimbini eziphambili zokufikelela kwiimeko ezinzima ezifunekayo kumxube wenyukliya. Izixhobo zeTokamak zisebenzisa imimandla yamagnetic ukuvelisa ubushushu kunye nokuvala iplasma yobushushu obuphezulu. I-ITER yeyona projekthi inkulu yeTokamak emhlabeni. Isekelwe e-St. Paul-lez-Durance kumazantsi eFransi, i-ITER yeyona nto inomdla wokuhlanganisa amandla entsebenziswano yezizwe ezingama-35. Isebenzisa i-ring torus (okanye isixhobo esiyi-donut magnetic) ukuvala isibaso esidityanisiweyo ixesha elide kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba kucinywe udibaniso. Njenge-ITER, inkqubo yokudityaniswa kwe-STEP yase-United Kingdom isekwe kukuvalelwa kumagnethi kwiplasma kusetyenziswa i-tokamak. Nangona kunjalo, i-tokamak yenkqubo ye-STEP izakuba yingqukuva (endaweni ye-ITER's donut shaped). I- tokamak engqukuva ixinene, inexabiso elisebenzayo kwaye kunokuba lula ukukala.   

I-Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) yenye indlela yokufikelela iimeko ezigqithisileyo ezifunekayo kumxube wenyukliya. Ngale ndlela, iimeko zokudityaniswa okugqithisileyo zidalwa ngokucinezela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufudumeza isixa esincinci sesibaso esidityanisiweyo. IZiko leSizwe lokuPhumeza (i-NIF) e-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) isebenzisa ubuchule be-laser-driven implosion ukuhlohla iicapsules ezizaliswe ngamafutha e-deuterium-tritium kusetyenziswa imiqadi yelaser ene-eneji ephezulu. I-NIF isandula ukubonisa ubungqina bale ndlela yokudibanisa inyukliya elawulwayo ingasetyenziswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla.   

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Iingxelo:  

1. IHefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS. Iindaba - IsiShayina "Ilanga Lokwenziwa Kwendalo" Lifezekisa iRekhodi eNtsha kwiNqanaba eliBalulekileyo elibhekiselele kwisiZukulwana saMandla seFusion. Ithunyelwe nge-21 kaJanuwari 2025. Iyafumaneka e https://english.hf.cas.cn/nr/bth/202501/t20250121_899051.html  

2. Uvavanyo oluPhezulu lwe-Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Intshayelelo emfutshane. Ifumaneka e  http://east.ipp.ac.cn/index/article/info/id/52.html  

3. Zhou C., 2024. Uthelekiso phakathi kwe-EMPUMA NE-ITER tokamak. Ithiyori kunye neNzululwazi yeNdalo, 43,162-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/43/20240818  

4. Hu, J., Xi, W., Zhang, J. et al. Zonke superconducting tokamak: EAST. AAPPS Bull. 33, 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43673-023-00080-9  

5. UZheng J., et al 2022. Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kuphando lwe-fusion yaseTshayina esekwe kuqwalaselo lwe- superconducting tokamak. I-Innovation. Umqulu 3, Ushicilelo 4, 12 Julayi 2022, 100269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100269  

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Amanqaku afanelekileyo  

1. Inkqubo yaMandla eFusion yase-UK: Uyilo lweNgcinga ye-STEP Prototype Power plant iyatyhilwa (I-7 kaSeptemba 2024).  

2. 'Umlilo weFusion' ubonise okwesine kwiLabhoratri yaseLawrence (Ngomhla we-20 kuDisemba 2023) 

3. I-Fusion Ignition iba yinyani; I-Energy Breakeven iphunyeziwe kwiLabhoratri yaseLawrence (Ngomhla we-15 kuDisemba 2022) 

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