Ekuqaleni kakhulu yonke, kungekudala emva kweBig Bang, i'kungakhathaliseki' kunye ne 'antimatter' zombini bezikhona ngexabiso elilinganayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, 'kungakhathaliseki' ilawula ngoku yonke. Abaphandi be-T2K basandul 'ukubonisa ukwenzeka kokuphulwa kwe-Charge-Parity kwi-neutrino kunye ne-anti-neutrino oscillations ehambelanayo. Eli linyathelo eliya phambili ekuqondeni ukuba kutheni kungakhathaliseki ilawula i yonke.
IBig Bang (eyenzeka malunga ne-13.8 yeebhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) kunye nezinye iithiyori ezinxulumene nefiziksi zicebisa ukuba yonke ibiyeyona mitha 'yengamele' kwaye 'kungakhathaliseki' kwaye i 'antimatter' ibikhona ngexabiso elilinganayo.
Kodwa yonke esaziyo namhlanje 'yinto' eyonakalisayo. Ngoba? Le yenye yeyona mfihlakalo inika umdla yonke. (1).
The yonke esaziyo ukuba namhlanje ziqale ngezixa ezilinganayo 'zezinto' kunye 'ne-antimatter', zombini ziyilwe ngambini njengoko umthetho wendalo unokufuna kwaye emva koko zatshatyalaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvelisa ukusasazeka kwemitha eyaziwa ngokuba 'yimitha yemvelaphi yendalo yonke'. Kwimizuzwana emalunga ne-100 ye-Big Bang umcimbi (amasuntswana) ngandlel' ithile waqala ukodlula i-antiparticle ngokuthi inye kwibhiliyoni nganye kwaye ngemizuzwana nje yonke i-antimatter yatshatyalaliswa, ishiya ngasemva into kuphela.
Yeyiphi inkqubo okanye indlela enokudala olu hlobo lomahluko okanye i-asymmetry phakathi komcimbi kunye ne-antimatter?
Ngowe-1967, ingcali yefiziksi yaseRashiya uAndrei Sakharov wamisela iimeko ezintathu eziyimfuneko ukuze kwenzeke ukungalingani (okanye ukuveliswa kwenkqu kunye ne-antimatter ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo). yonke. Imeko yokuqala ye-Sakharov yinombolo ye-baryon (inombolo ye-quantum ehlala igcinwe kwintsebenziswano) ukuphulwa. Kuthetha ukuba iiprotons zabola ngokucothayo zaba ngamasuntswana akhanyayo anjengepion engathathi hlangothi kunye nepositron. Ngokufanayo, i-antiproton yabola yaba yipion kunye ne-electron. Imeko yesibini kukwaphulwa kwe-symmetry ye-conjugation yentlawulo, i-C, kunye ne-charge conjugation-parity symmetry, i-CP ebizwa ngokuba yi-Charge-Parity yokuphulwa. Imeko yesithathu kukuba inkqubo eyenza i-baryon-asymmetry kufuneka ingabi kwi-equilibrium ye-thermal ngenxa yokwandiswa ngokukhawuleza kunciphisa ukwenzeka kwe-pair-annihilation.
Yinqanaba lesibini le-Sakharov lokuphulwa kwe-CP, ngumzekelo wohlobo lwe-asymmetry phakathi kweengqungquthela kunye ne-antiparticles yazo echaza indlela yokubola. Ngokuthelekisa indlela amasuntswana kunye ne-antiparticles aziphatha ngayo, oko kukuthi, indlela ezihamba ngayo, ezisebenzisanayo, kunye nokubola, izazinzulu zinokufumana ubungqina be-asymmetry. Ukuphulwa kwe-CP kunika ubungqina bokuba ezinye iinkqubo ezibonakalayo ezingaziwayo zijongene nokuveliswa kwemveliso kunye ne-antimatter.
I-electromagnetic kunye 'nentsebenziswano eyomeleleyo' zaziwa njenge-symmetric phantsi kwe-C kunye ne-P, kwaye ngenxa yoko zikwa-symmetric phantsi kwemveliso ye-CP (3). ''Nangona kunjalo, oku akunyanzelekanga ukuba kube njalo 'kwintsebenziswano ebuthathaka', ephula zombini iisymmetries ze-C kunye ne-P'' utsho uProf BA Robson. Uqhube wathi “ukwaphulwa kwe-CP kunxibelelwano olubuthathaka kuthetha ukuba ezo nkqubo zomzimba zinokukhokelela ekwaphulweni ngokuthe ngqo kwenani le-baryon ukuze ukudalwa kwezinto kukhethwe ngaphezu kokudalwa kwe-antimatter''. Iingqungquthela ezingezizo ze-quark azibonisi nakuphi na ukuphulwa kwe-CP ngelixa ukuphulwa kwe-CP kwi-quarks kuncinci kakhulu kwaye ayibalulekanga ukuba ibe nomehluko kwindalo kunye ne-antimatter. Ke, ukunyhashwa kweCP kwiileptons (neutrinos) ibaluleke kwaye ukuba ingqinisisiwe iyakuphendula ukuba kutheni yonke yeyona nto iphambili.
Nangona ukuphulwa kwe-symmetry ye-CP kusaza kungqinwa ngokupheleleyo (1) kodwa iziphumo ezixelwe liqela le-T2K kutshanje zibonisa ukuba izazinzulu zisondele kakhulu kuyo. Kuye kwaboniswa okokuqala ukuba utshintsho olusuka kwi-particle ukuya kwi-electron kunye ne-neutrino luthandwa ngaphezu kokutshintshwa kwe-antiparticle ukuya kwi-electron kunye ne-antineutrino, ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwi-T2K (i-Tokai ukuya kwi-Kamioka) (2). I-T2K ibhekisa kwipere yeelabhoratri, iJapan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-Parc) Tokai kunye ne-Super-Kamiokande yogcino lwe-neutrino ephantsi komhlaba kwi Kamioka, IJapan, yahlulwe malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-300. I-proton accelerator e-Tokai ivelise iinqununu kunye ne-antiparticles ezivela kumandla aphezulu kunye ne-detectors e-Kamioka yaqaphela i-neutrinos kunye ne-antimatter counterparts, i-antiutrinos ngokwenza imilinganiselo echanekileyo kakhulu.
Emva kohlalutyo lweminyaka eliqela yedatha kwi-T2K, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukulinganisa iparameter ebizwa ngokuba yi-delta-CP, elawula i-CP symmetry breaking kwi-neutrino oscillation kwaye yafumanisa ukungahambelani okanye ukhetho lokuphucula izinga le-neutrino elinokuthi ekugqibeleni likhokhelele ukuqinisekiswa kokuphulwa kwe-CP kwindlela i-neutrinos kunye ne-antineutrinos i-oscillated. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe liqela le-T2K zibalulekile kwi-statistical ukubaluleka kwe-3-sigma okanye i-99.7% izinga lokuzithemba. Yimpumelelo enkulu njengoko uqinisekiso lokunyhashwa kwe-CP olubandakanya i-neutrinos lunxulunyaniswa nokongamela kwezinto yonke. Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo olunesiseko sedatha enkulu luya kuvavanya ukuba ukuphulwa kwe-symmetry ye-leptonic CP kukhulu kunokuphulwa kwe-CP kwi-quarks. Ukuba kunjalo ke ekugqibeleni siya kuba nempendulo yombuzo othi Kutheni le nto yonke yeyona nto iphambili.
Nangona umfuniselo we-T2K ungabonisi ngokucacileyo ukuba ukunyhashwa kwe-CP symmetry kwenzekile kodwa isiganeko esibalulekileyo ngengqiqo yokuba ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukhetho oluqinileyo lomlinganiselo we-electron neutron eyandisiweyo kwaye isisondeza ukubonisa ubukho bokuphulwa kolinge lwe-CP kwaye ekugqibeleni phendula 'kutheni yonke yeyona nto iphambili'.
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Iingxelo:
1. IYunivesithi yaseTokyo, 2020. ''Iziphumo ze-T2K ziNciphisa amaxabiso anokwenzeka eSigaba se-Neutrino CP -…..'' Ipapashwe nge-16 kuTshazimpuzi 2020. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi http://www.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/news/8799/ Ifikeleleke nge-17 ka-Epreli 2020.
2. I-T2K Collaboration, 2020. Ukunyanzeliswa kwi- matter–antimatter symmetry-violating phase kwi-neutrino oscillations. Umthamo wendalo 580, amaphepha339–344(2020). Ipapashwe: 15 April 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2177-0
3. Robson, BA, 2018. Ingxaki ye-Asymmetry Matter-Antimatter. Ijenali yeFiziksi yaMandla aPhezulu, iGravitation kunye neCosmology, i-4, i-166-178. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2018.41015
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