Kwingxelo epapashwe kutshanje, iqela le-Will Lab leYunivesithi yase-Columbia libika impumelelo ekuweleni kwi-BEC threshold kunye nokudalwa kwe-Bose-Eienstein condensate (BEC) yee-molecule ze-NaCs kwiqondo lokushisa eli-ultracold le-5 nanoKelvin (= 5 X 10).-9 Kelvin). I-molecular quantum condensate yayizinzile kunye nexesha lokuphila malunga nemizuzwana ye-2. Oku kuphelisa iminyaka emininzi yokusukela i-molecular BEC. Le yimpumelelo ephawulekayo kunye nesiganeko esibalulekileyo kwisayensi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kwaziwa ukuba i-matter inokuba kwelinye lamazwe amathathu okt. okuqinileyo, ulwelo okanye igesi ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zangaphandle ezifana nobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngokomzekelo, uH2O ifumaneka njengomkhenkce, amanzi okanye umphunga kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zangaphandle.
Xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwe-6000–10,000 ye-Kelvin, i-matter ifumana ionini kwaye ijike ibe yiplasma, yinto yesine yelizwe.
Inokuba yintoni imeko ukuba iqondo lobushushu lisezantsi kakhulu kufutshane no-zero?
Ngo-1924-25, uSatyendra Nath Bose kunye noAlbert Einstein benza uqikelelo lwethiyori ukuba ukuba isifuba amasuntswana (oko kukuthi amaqumrhu anexabiso elipheleleyo elijikelezayo) apholiswa kubushushu obusezantsi kakhulu kufutshane no-zero ngokupheleleyo, amasuntswana anokudityaniswa abe yinto enye, enkulu eneempawu ekwabelwana ngazo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezilawulwa yimithetho ye-quantum mechanics. Ebizwa ngokuba yiBose-Einstein condensate (BEC), eli lizwe lalicingelwa ukuba likwimeko yesihlanu.
| States of matter | Uluhlu lobushushu bobukho |
| Plasma | ngaphezulu kwe-6000–10,000K |
| Gesi | Kumanzi, ngaphezu kwe-100 ° C kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-atmospheric |
| Utywala | Amanzi, phakathi kwe-4°C ukuya kwi-100°C |
| solid | Amanzi, ngaphantsi, 0°C |
| I-Bose-Eisenstein condensate (BEC) | Kufuphi no-zero ngokupheleleyo Malunga ne-400 nanoKelkin yeebhobho zeathomu Malunga ne-5 nanokelvin ye-molecular BCE {1 nanoKelvin (nK) = 10 -9 Kelvin} Uziro ngokupheleleyo = 0 kelvin = -273°C |
Ingqikelelo yethiyori yeBose-Einstein condensate (BEC), imeko yesihlanu yemeko yaba yinyani malunga namashumi asixhenxe eminyaka kamva kwi-1995 xa u-Eric Cornell noCarl Wieman benza i-BEC yokuqala kwigesi ye-athom ye-rubidium, kwaye kungekudala emva koko, uWolfgang Ketterle wavelisa. iBEC kwigesi yeeathom zesodium. Aba bathathu bawongwa ngokudibeneyo ngeBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngo-2001 ″ukufezekiswa kwe-Bose-Einstein ukujiya kwiigesi ezidityanisiweyo zee-athom zealkali, kunye nophononongo olusisiseko lweempawu zecondensates.".
Ixesha lenkqubela phambili kwisayensi yemeko yesihlanu
| Iimbalasane |
| Ngowe-1924-25: Ingqikelelo yethiyori yemeko yesihlanu yemeko. USatyendra Nath Bose kunye no-Albert Einstein benza uqikelelo lwethiyori yokuba iqela lamasuntswana e-boson apholisiweyo ukuya kutsho ku-zero ngokupheleleyo liza kudityaniswa libe yinto enye, enkulu kakhulu eneempawu ekwabelwana ngazo kunye nokuziphatha okuchazwe yimithetho ye-quantum mechanics. |
| Ngo-1995: Ukufunyanwa kwemeko yesihlanu yezinto - ii-BEC zokuqala ze-athomu zenziwe. Ingqikelelo yethiyori kaBose kunye no-Einstein iba yinyani emva kweminyaka engama-70 xa u-Eric Cornell noCarl Wieman benza i-BEC yokuqala kwigesi ye-athomu ye-rubidium, kwaye kungekudala emva koko, uWolfgang Ketterle wavelisa i-BEC kwigesi ye-athomu ye-sodium. |
| Iimolekyuli zeB.C.E Ukusukela ii-BCE zemolekyuli ezifuna ukupholisa okuphezulu kwi-nanoKelvin (10-9 Kelvin) uluhlu |
| 2008: UDeborah Jin kunye noJun Ye yapholisa igesi yeemolekyuli ze-potassium-rubidium ukuya kutsho malunga ne-350 nanoKelvin. |
| 2023: Ian Stevenson okqhubekayo udale igesi yokuqala ye-ultracold ye-sodium-cesium (Na-Cs) iamolekyuli kwiqondo lobushushu le-300 nanoKelvin (nK) usebenzisa indibaniselwano yokupholisa kwelaser kunye nokuguqulwa kwamagnetic. |
| 2023: UNicolò Bigagli okqhubekayo wasebenzisa ii-microwaves ukwandisa ubomi berhasi ye-bosonic ye-sodium-cesium molekyuli ukusuka kwiimilliseconds ezimbalwa ukuya ngaphezulu komzuzwana omnye, inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo lokuzipholisa. Ngesampulu yabo ehlala ixesha elide, behla iqondo lokushisa kwi-36 nanoKelvin-ngaphantsi nje kweqondo lokushisa elifunekayo ukuze iimolekyuli zenze i-BEC. |
| 2024: UNicolò Bigagli okqhubekayo yenza i-BEC yee-molecular bosons (i-NaCs molecules) kwiqondo lokushisa eli-ultracold le-5 nanoKelvin (nK) |
Ukusukela oko kwafunyaniswayo ngo-1995, iilebhu kwihlabathi liphela nakwiSikhululo saMajukujuku saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISS) zenza rhoqo ii-BEC zeathom ezivela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeathom.
I molecular I-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
Ii-athomu zilula, luhlobo lweziko ezingqukuva ngaphandle kokudibana kwe-polar. Ngenxa yoko, abaphandi bebesoloko becinga ngokudala i-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) esuka kwiimolekyuli. Kodwa, ukudala ii-BECs ze-molecule ezilula ezenziwe nge-athomu ezimbini zezinto ezahlukeneyo kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokunqongophala kobuchwepheshe kwiimolekyuli ezipholileyo ukuya kwii-nanoKelvin ezimbalwa (nK) eziyimfuneko ekwenzeni i-molecular BEC.
Abaphandi kwiWill Lab yeYunivesithi yaseColumbia baye basebenza ngokuqhubekayo ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji ye-ultracold. Kwi-2008, bakwazi ukupholisa igesi ye-potassium-rubidium molecules malunga ne-350 nanoKelvin. Incede ekwenzeni ukulinganisa kwe-quantum kunye nokufunda ukungqubana kweemolekyuli kunye ne-quantum chemistry kodwa ayikwazanga ukuwela umda we-BEC. Kunyaka ophelileyo ngo-2023, basebenzisa ii-microwaves ukwandisa ubomi begesi ye-bosonic ye-sodium-cesium molekyuli kwaye bakwazi ukufikelela kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-36 nanoKelvin eyayikufutshane nomda we-BEC.
Kwingxelo epapashwe kutshanje, iqela le-Will Lab leYunivesithi yase-Columbia libika impumelelo ekuweleni kwi-BEC threshold kunye nokudalwa kwe-Bose-Eienstein condensate (BEC) yee-molecule ze-NaCs kwiqondo lokushisa eli-ultracold le-5 nanoKelvin (= 5 X 10).-9 Kelvin). I-molecular quantum condensate yayizinzile kunye nexesha lokuphila malunga nemizuzwana ye-2. Oku kuphelisa iminyaka emininzi yokusukela i-molecular BEC. Le yimpumelelo ephawulekayo kunye nesiganeko esibalulekileyo kwisayensi.
Ukudalwa kweemolekyuli ze-Bose-Einstein condensates (BES) kuya kuba nokufaneleka kwexesha elide kuphando kwifiziksi ye-quantum esisiseko, ukulinganisa ubungakanani, ubuninzi be-superfluidity kunye ne-superconductivity kunye nokuveliswa kwetekhnoloji entsha efana nohlobo olutsha lwekhompyuter ye-quantum.
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Iingxelo:
- Bigagli, N., Yuan, W., Zhang, S. et al. Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-Bose-Einstein ukuxinana kweemolekyuli ze-dipolalar. Indalo (2024). 03 Juni 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07492-z Ushicilelo lwangaphambili kwi-arXiv https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.10965
- IYunivesithi yase-Columbia 2024. Iindaba zoPhando – ILebhu eNgqele kakhulu eNew York IneSibonelelo esitsha seQuantum. Ithunyelwe nge-03 Juni 2024. Iyafumaneka e https://news.columbia.edu/news/coldest-lab-new-york-has-new-quantum-offering
- IRoyal Swedish Academy yeSayensi. Ulwazi oluphezulu malunga neBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ka-2001 - iBose-Einstein Condensation kwiigesi zeAlkali. Ifumaneka e https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-physicsprize2001-1.pdf
- NASA. Ubume beSihlanu boMba. Ifumaneka e https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/stories/the-fifth-state-of-matter/
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 of NaCs molecules at a ultracold temperature of 5 nanoKelvin (= 5 X 10-9 Kelvin). The molecular quantum condensate was stable with a lifespan of about 2 seconds. This ends several decades long pursuit of molecular BEC. This is a remarkable achievement and a milestone in science.){kind=link}