Imvelaphi ye-Gravitational-wave (GWB): Impumelelo ekuFundeni ngokuNgqo

I-Gravitational wave yafunyanwa ngokuthe ngqo okokuqala ngo-2015 emva kwenkulungwane yokuqikelelwa kwayo ngu-Einstein's General Theory of Relativity ngo-1916. Kodwa, ukuqhubeka, ukuphindaphinda okuphantsi. Umxhuzulane-wave Imvelaphi (GWB) ekucingelwa ukuba ikhona kuyo yonke indawo yonke ayikafunyanwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Abaphandi kwiNorth American Nanohertz Observatory ye Amaza oMxhuzulane (I-NANOGrav) isandul 'ukuxela ukufunyanwa komqondiso we-low-frequency onokuthi 'i-Gravitational-wave Background (GWB)'.   

Ithiyori ngokubanzi yonxulumano eyachazwa ngu-Einstein ngo-1916 iqikelela ukuba iziganeko ezinkulu ze-cosmic ezifana ne-supernova okanye ukudityaniswa kwe-cosmic. imingxunya emnyama kufuneka ivelise amaza omxhuzulane ezisasaza nge Ehlabathini. Umhlaba kufuneka ugutyungelwe amaza omxhuzulane ukusuka macala onke ngamaxesha onke kodwa ezi azibonakali kuba ziba buthathaka kakhulu xa zifika emhlabeni. Kuthathe malunga nenkulungwane ukwenza ubhaqo oluthe ngqo lwe-gravitational ripples xa kwi-2015 iqela le-LIGO-Virgo laphumelela ekubhaqeni. amaza omxhuzulane iveliswe ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwesibini imingxunya emnyama ime kumgama we-1.3 billion yeminyaka yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni ⁽¹⁾. Oku kukwathetha ukuba ama-ripples afunyenweyo ayenolwazi malunga nesiganeko se-cosmic esenzeka malunga ne-1.3 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.  

Ukususela ekubhaqweni kokuqala ngo-2015, inani elihle le umxhuzulane zirekhodwe kude kube ngoku. Uninzi lwazo lwalubangelwa kukudityaniswa kwesibini imingxunya emnyama, zimbalwa ezabangelwa kukungqubana kweenkwenkwezi ezimbini zeneutron ⁽²⁾. Zonke zichongiwe amaza omxhuzulane Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yayiyi-episodic, ebangelwa ngenxa yokubini kokubini imingxunya emnyama okanye iinkwenkwezi zeneutron ezijikelezayo kwaye zidibana okanye zingqubane ⁽³⁾ kwaye bezizezamaxesha amaninzi, ubude obufutshane bobude (kuluhlu lwee-milliseconds).   

Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni kukho amathuba amaninzi emithombo ye amaza omxhuzulane kwi yonke ngenxa yoko abaninzi amaza omxhuzulane kunye ukusuka kuyo yonke indawo yonke inokuba idlula ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni lonke ixesha isenza imvelaphi okanye ingxolo. Oku kufuneka kuqhubeke, kungacwangciswanga kwaye kube ngamaza aphantsi amaza amancinci. Kuqikelelwa ukuba inxalenye yayo isenokuba yavela kwiBig Bang. Ifowunelwe Umxhuzulane-wave Background (GWB), oku ayikabonwa okwangoku ⁽³⁾.  

Kodwa sinokuba sisemngciphekweni wempumelelo - abaphandi kwiNorth American Nanohertz Observatory ye. Amaza oMxhuzulane (NANOGrav) baye baxela ukuchongwa komqondiso we-low-frequency onokuthi ube 'Imvelaphi ye-Gravitational-wave (GWB) ^(4,5,6).  

Ngokungafaniyo neqela le-LIGO-virgo elichongiweyo iliza lomxhuzulane ukusuka kwizibini ezizimeleyo ze imingxunya emnyama, Iqela le-NANOGrav lijonge ukuzingisa, ingxolo enje, 'idityanisiwe' iliza lomxhuzulane idalwe ngexesha elide kakhulu ngokungenakubalwa imingxuma emnyama kwi yonke. Ugqaliselo 'lude kakhulu lwamaza amaza' iliza lomxhuzulane kwelinye icala le'gravitational wave spectrum'.

Ngokungafaniyo nokukhanya kunye nezinye iimitha ze-electromagnetic, amaza omxhuzulane akanakujongwa ngokuthe ngqo ngeteleskopu.  

Iqela le-NANOGrav likhethile imillisecond iipulsars (MSPs) ezijikeleza ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunye nozinzo lwexesha elide. Kukho ipateni ezinzileyo yokukhanya evela kwezi pulsers ekufuneka iguqulwe liza lomxhuzulane. Umbono yayikukujonga kunye nokubeka iliso kwi-ensemble ye-ultra-stable millisecond pulsars (MSP) yotshintsho olulungelelanisiweyo kwixesha lokufika kwemiqondiso eMhlabeni ngaloo ndlela kudala "Galaxy-ubungakanani” besixhobo somxhuzulane esingaphakathi kowethu Galaxy. Iqela lenze uluhlu lwexesha le-pulsar ngokufunda ama-47 ee-pulsars ezinjalo. IArecibo Observatory kunye neGreen Bank Telescope yayizezona unomathotholo iiteleskopu ezisetyenziselwa imilinganiselo.   

Isethi yedatha efunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ibandakanya i-47 MSPs kunye neminyaka eyi-12.5 yokuqwalaselwa. Ngokusekwe koku, akunakwenzeka ukubonisa ngokucacileyo ukufunyanwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-GWB nangona imiqondiso efunyenweyo ephantsi kakhulu ibonisa oko. Mhlawumbi, inyathelo elilandelayo liya kuba kukubandakanya iipulsars ezininzi kuluhlu kwaye uzifunde ixesha elide ukonyusa ubuntununtunu.  

Ukufunda i yonke, izazinzulu zazixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwimitha ye-electromagnetic efana nokukhanya, iX-reyi, unomathotholo Amaza, njl.njl yonke ngakumbi ezo ziganeko zasesibhakabhakeni ezingabonakaliyo kwizazi ngeenkwenkwezi zombane. Ngaphaya koko, ngokungafaniyo nemitha yemitha ye-electromagnetic, amaza omxhuzulane akanxibelelani nezinto kungoko ahamba engathintelwanga ephethe ulwazi malunga nemvelaphi yawo kunye nomthombo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.⁽³⁾

Ukufunyanwa kweNtshukumo yeGravitational-wave Background (GWB) kungalenza libe banzi ithuba ngakumbi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba sibhaqe amaza avela kwiBig Bang enokusinceda siqonde imvelaphi yonke ngendlela engcono.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2101121  

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Iingxelo:  

1. Castelvecchi D. kunye noWitze A.,2016. Amaza omxhuzulane kaEinstein afunyenwe ekugqibeleni. Iindaba zeNdalo 11 February 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2016.19361  

2. Castelvecchi D., 2020. Zeziphi iziganeko ezingama-50 omxhuzulane ezityhilayo malunga neNdalo yonke. Iindaba zeNdalo zipapashwe nge-30 ka-Okthobha 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03047-0  

3. I-LIGO 2021. Imithombo kunye neentlobo ze-Gravitational Waves. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gw-sources Ifikeleleke nge-12 kaJanuwari 2021. 

4. I-NANOGrav Collaboration, 2021. I-NANOGrav Ifumana 'Amacebiso okuqala' anokwenzeka kwi-Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi http://nanograv.org/press/2021/01/11/12-Year-GW-Background.html Ifikeleleke nge-12 kaJanuwari 2021 

5. I-NANOGrav Collaboration 2021. Inkcazo yeendaba - Ukukhangela i-Gravitational-Wave Background kwi-12.5 iminyaka ye-NANOGrav Data. Nge-11 kaJanuwari 2021. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi http://nanograv.org/assets/files/slides/AAS_PressBriefing_Jan’21.pdf  

6. Arzoumanian Z., et al 2020. I-NANOGrav 12.5 yr iSeti yedatha: Khangela i-Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background. I-Astrophysical Journal Letters, uMqulu 905, iNombolo yesi-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abd401  

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