Ngaba iKomidi yeNobel yenze impazamo ekuMkeni uRosalind Franklin ngeBhaso leNobel ngokuFunyaniswa koLwakhiwo lweDNA?

The kabini-helix Ubume be DNA yafunyanwa okokuqala kwaye yaxelwa kwijenali yeNdalo ngoAprili 1953 ngu URosalind Franklin (1). Nangona kunjalo, akazange ayifumane Ibhaso likaNobel ukwenzela i Ukufumanisa yesakhiwo esiphindwe kabini se-helix ye DNA. Ikhredithi kunye nokwamkelwa ngendlela ye Nobel ibhaso labelwa ngabanye abantu abathathu.

Kukho imbono eqhelekileyo phakathi koluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba uRosalind Franklin akazange awongwe ngeBhaso leNobel ngokufumanisa kwakhe okuchazwe ngasentla, kuba Nobel ibhaso alinikwa emva kokufa, kunye nento yokuba waye wasweleka ngaphambili (ngo-1958), ngelixa Nobel Ibhaso le Ukufumanisa yesakhiwo se DNA wawongwa ngowe-1962.

Nangona kunjalo, oku akuchanekanga kuba ukubonelela Nobel Ibhaso elinganikezelwanga emva kokufa lafika kuphela ngonyaka ka-1974. Phambi ko-1974, kwakungekho bar ngokomfanekiso oqingqiweyo Isiseko seNobel ngokunika la mabhaso emva kokufa kwaye eneneni, abantu ababini bawongwa ngebhaso emva kokufa ngo-1931 kunye no-1961. Kunikwe apha ngezantsi isicatshulwa sephepha leeNgcaciso eziKhawulezayo lewebhusayithi yeBhaso leNobel malunga noku.  

“Ukususela ngo-1974, i Imimiselo yeNobel Foundation imisela ukuba iBhaso alinakunikwa emva kokufa, ngaphandle kokuba ukufa kwenzeke emva kokubhengezwa kweBhaso likaNobel. Ngaphambi kowe-1974, iBhaso leNobel liye lanikezelwa emva kokufa kabini kuphela: ukuya UDag Hammarskjöld (iNobel Peace Prize 1961) kunye U-Erik Axel Karlfeldt (iBhaso likaNobel kuNcwadi 1931). ⁷ 

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusweleka kwakhe kwangoko kwakungesosizathu sokuba angalifumani ibhaso. Ngaba wayenokungahoywa ngokulula ngenxa yokuba iBhaso likaNobel linokwabelwana kuphela phakathi kwabantu abathathu ngokwemigaqo yesiseko sikaNobel? Kunikwe apha ngezantsi isicatshulwa esisuka kwiphepha leeNgxaki eziKhawulezayo lewebhu sayithi yeBhaso leNobel malunga noku. 

"Kwi imimiselo yeNobel Foundation ithi: “Ibhaso linokwahlulwa phakathi kwemisebenzi emibini ngokulinganayo, ngalinye ligqalwa njengelifanele ibhaso. Ukuba umsebenzi ovuzwayo uveliswe ngabantu ababini okanye abathathu, ibhaso liya kunikwa ngokudibeneyo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ibhaso lahlulwe phakathi kwabantu abangaphezu kwabathathu.” 

Ngaba lo mgaqo ufanelekile na njengoko uninzi lwezinto ezifunyanisiweyo zenziwe liqela leenzululwazi ezisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo? Ngaba imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesiseko sikaNobel kufuneka iphinde ijongwe? 

Okokugqibela, isishwankathelo seNobel Prize yePhysiology okanye Medicine ngo-1962 sithi, “uWilkins kunye nogxa wakhe uRosalind Franklin babonelele ngeyona ndlela iphambili yokwahlukana kweX-ray esetyenziswa nguWatson noCrick, kunye nolwazi oluvela kwezinye izazinzulu ezininzi, ukwakha eyona ndlela icacileyo. imodeli ye IiDNA ubume.”3 .

Noko ke, umxholo wempapasho ethi Nature ngoAprili 1953 nguFranklin noGosling utsho ngokucacileyo "Ubungqina be-2-Chain Helix kwi-Crystalline Structure ye-Sodium Deoxyribonucleate^"1. Akukho sizathu sokuphikisa le nyaniso kwaye ihleli ingumbuzo wokuba kutheni ingahoywa yikomiti kaNobel eyawonga iBhaso leNobel ngokubhaqa. 

Ukongeza kwezi ngongoma zingentla, kubonakala ngathi ukuqondwa kunye nekhredithi yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunyanisiweyo zidla ngokunikezelwa kwizazinzulu emva kokuba okufunyenweyo kumile uvavanyo lwexesha olunengqiqo kunye nengqiqo. Oku kuthetha ukuba izazinzulu kuya kufuneka ziphile ixesha elide kakhulu emva kokuba ukufunyanwa kwazo kube nempembelelo. Umzekelo obalaseleyo woku bubungqina obuxhasa ingcamango kaEinstein yonxulumano eyavela emva kweminyaka eli-100 kuphela. Ukuba u-Einstein wayephila ngoku, ngewayetyunjwe ngokuqinisekileyo kwaye mhlawumbi wawongwa ngebhaso leNobel ngomsebenzi wakhe obalaseleyo. Utshintsho lwemithetho yesiseko sikaNobel ngo-1974 luthintele ukuba kungabikho bhaso liza kunikwa emva kokufa kwaye kungoko, lo mgaqo-nkqubo udala okungaqhelekanga kwinkqubo yolwamkelo kunye nekhredithi efanelekileyo yokufunyanwa komntu ofanelekileyo.

Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba ibhaso likaNobel eliye laba ngumgangatho wegolide wokunika imbeko kunye nokuqondwa kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kwisayensi kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwakhona imimiselo yayo ukuze kunikwe ingqalelo efanelekileyo kwizinto ezithe zafunyanwa eziye zanika eyona nzuzo inkulu kuluntu njengoko kuchaziwe yintando? ka Alfred Nobel. 

*** 

Iingxelo:   

1. FRANKLIN, R., GOSLING, R. Ubungqina be-2-Chain Helix kwi-Crystalline Structure ye-Sodium Deoxyribonucleate. Indalo 172, 156-157 (1953). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/172156a0 

2. Ibhaso leNobel 1962. Ukucacisa iKhowudi ye-Enigma yoBomi. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1962/speedread/   

3. UMaddox, B. I-helix ephindwe kabini kunye 'neqhawekazi elingalunganga'. Indalo 421, 407-408 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01399  

4. Elkin LO., 2003. URosalind Franklin kunye ne-helix ephindwe kabini. IFiziksi namhlanje, ngo-2003. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia State, eHayward. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb61/Rosalind_Franklin_Physics_Today.pdf  

5. Indalo ka-2020. U-Rosalind Franklin wayengaphezulu kakhulu kune 'heroine engalunganga' ye DNA Indalo 583, 492 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02144-4  

6. ISiseko seNobel 2020. Iinyaniso zeBhaso leNobel – amaBhaso eNobel emva kokufa. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ Ifikeleleke nge-02 ka-Agasti 2020.  

7. Isiseko seNobel 2020. Imimiselo yeNobel Foundation. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.nobelprize.org/about/statutes-of-the-nobel-foundation/#par4  Ifikeleleke nge-02 ka-Agasti 2020.   

***