Ukupheliswa koBuninzi kwimbali yoBomi: Ukubaluleka kweNyanga yeArtemis yeNASA kunye noKhuseleko lwePlanethi yeDART Missions  

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokuphela kweentlobo ezintsha ziye zahamba kunye ukususela oko ubomi baqala eMhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwakho iziqendu ezihlanu zokutshabalala okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo kwiminyaka eyi-500 yezigidi edlulileyo. Kwezi ziqendu, ngaphezulu kweekota ezintathu zeentlobo ezikhoyo ziye zapheliswa. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba yi-global extinction okanye Bunzima ukuphela. Eyesihlanu IMisa Ukuphela kwaba sisiqendu sokugqibela esenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-65 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwixesha leCretaceous. Oku kubangelwe ngenxa yempembelelo yeasteroid. Iimeko eziye zakhokelela ekuphelisweni kweedinosaurs ebusweni boMhlaba. Kwixesha langoku leAnthropocene (oko kukuthi, ixesha lobuntu), kurhaneleka ukuba uMhlaba usenokuba sele ungaphakathi okanye kumda weSithandathu. IMisa Ukutshabalala, ngenxa yemiba yokusingqongileyo eyenziwe ngumntu (efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ungcoliseko, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufudumala kwehlabathi, njl. njl.). Ngaphaya koko, imiba efana nenyukliya, ibhayoloji okanye ezinye iintlobo zemfazwe/ungquzulwano, iintlekele zendalo zokusingqongileyo ezifana nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo okanye impembelelo yeasteroid nazo zinokubanakho ukubangela ukuphela kobunzima. Ukusasazeka ngaphandle isithuba yenye yeendlela zokujongana nemingeni ekhoyo ejongene noluntu. NASAnguArtemis inyanga Ubuthunywa sisiqalo esiya nzulu isithuba ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ngekoloniyali kwixesha elizayo le inyanga kwaye mars. Iiplanethi ukuzikhusela ngokuphambukisa i-asteroid kude noMhlaba sesinye isicwangciso esiqwalaselwayo. I-NASA ye-DART Mission luvavanyo lokuqala olunjalo lokuphambuka oluya kuzama ukuphambukisa i-asteroid ye-Earth kwinyanga ezayo. 

Imekobume ibisoloko itshintsha ngalo lonke ixesha. Oku kube nefuthe elimacala amabini kwiifom zobomi - ngelixa ukhetho olubi loxinzelelo ngokuchasene nabo bangafanelekanga ukuba baphile indawo kukhokelela ekubhangisweni kwazo, kwelinye icala, kuthande ukusinda kobomi obubhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuze buqhelane neemeko ezintsha. Ekugqibeleni oku kwaphumela encotsheni yendaleko yezidalwa ezintsha. Ke ngoko, ukuphela kunye nokuvela kwezinto ezintsha zobomi bekufanele ukuba zihamba kunye, phantse ngaphandle komthungo ukusukela ekuqaleni kobomi kwindalo iphela. umhlaba.  

Nangona kunjalo, imbali yoMhlaba ayizange ihlale igudile. Kubekho izehlo ezimanyumnyezi nezimandundu eziye zanefuthe elibi kakhulu kwiintlobo zobomi ezikhokelele ekutshabalaleni okukhulu kweentlobo zezilwanyana. 'Ukuphela kwehlabathi' okanye 'ukuphela kobunzima' ligama elisetyenziswa ukuchaza iziqendu xa malunga nesithathu kwikota yezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo zaphela ngexesha elifutshane ngokwentelekiso lexesha lokwakheka komhlaba. Kwiminyaka ezigidi ezingama-500 edlulileyo, kukho iimeko ezintlanu ubuncinane zokuphela kwenyambalala enkulu¹.  

Itheyibhile: Umhlaba, Ukuphela Kobunzima beZilwanyana kunye noBuntu  

Oku kutshabalala 'kuBig Five' kwachazwa ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwesiseko sedatha malunga namawaka eefosili zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezingenamqolo.  

Ngexesha leCambrian (iminyaka eyi-541-485 yezigidi edlulileyo), kwakukho ukuqhuma kwezilwanyana ezintsha zobomi. Oku kwalandelwa yi-First Mass Extinction of life on Earth eyenzeka kwiminyaka eyi-400 yezigidi edlulileyo kwi-Ordovician - ixesha leSilurian. Oku kubangele ukuphela kweepesenti ezingama-85 zezityalo nezilwanyana zaselwandle ezibangwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu ngenxa yokuphola kwehlabathi kulwandlekazi lwetropikhi okulandelwa kukuhla komphakamo wolwandle kunye nelahleko yeendawo zokuhlala kwiindawo ezisemazantsi. I-Second Mass Extinction yenzeke kwi-365 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwixesha le-Devonian ebonakala ibangelwa ngenxa yokuncipha koxinzelelo lwe-oksijini yamanzi xa umphakamo wolwandle wawuphezulu. Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo okwangoku kucingwa ukuba ngunobangela wokutshabalala kwesibini¹.   

Ukuphela kweMisa yesiThathu okanye ukuphela kwePermian-Triassic kwenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-250 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwixesha lePermian-Triassic. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-Great Dying kuba ngaphezu kwe-90 pesenti yezinto eziphilayo ezisemhlabeni zapheliswa. Oku kubangelwe kukutshintsha kwemozulu okumandla emva kobushushu behlabathi obukhawulezayo ngenxa yokukhutshwa okukhulu kweegesi zegreenhouse ingakumbi ukonyuka okuphindwe kathandathu kweCO.₂ emoyeni^1,2. Oku kukwachaza unobangela wokutshabalala kwesine okanye ukutshabalala kweTriassic-Jurassic kwiminyaka yezigidi ezingama-210 eyadlulayo apho kwabona ukupheliswa kwezilwanyana ezininzi ezikhulu kuvula indlela yokuba iidinosaur zichume. Ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwentaba-mlilo lubonakala ngathi sisiganeko esinxulunyaniswa nezi zinto zimbini zokubhangisa.  

Eyona yamva nje, ukuphela kweCretaceous (okanye ukuphela kweCretaceous-Paleogene okanye ukuphela kweSihlanu koBuninzi) kwenzeka malunga ne-65.5 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Le yayiyenye yezona zinto zibhangayo kwimbali yobomi eyathi yabhangisa zonke iidinosaurs ezingezizo iintaka. Kwakukho iidinosaur zombini zeentaka kunye nezingezizo iintaka. Iidinosaur zeentaka zazinegazi elifudumeleyo ngelixa iidinosaur ezingezizo iintaka zazinegazi elibandayo. Izirhubuluzi ezibhabhayo kunye needinosaurs ezingezizo iintaka ziye zatshabalala ngokupheleleyo ngelixa inzala ye-phylogenetic yeedinosaur zeentaka isaphila ukuza kuthi ga kule mihla, iphawula ukuphela kwesiquphe seminyaka yeedinosaurs. Elo yayilixesha apho utshintsho olukhulu kwimo engqongileyo lwalusenzeka ngenxa yempembelelo yeasteroid enkulu kunye noMhlaba eChicxulub, eMexico kunye neduo ukuya kugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwentaba-mlilo olwakhokelela kutshintsho lwemozulu olubangela ukomisa kokuxhasa ukubonelelwa kokutya. Impembelelo yeAsteroid ayibanganga nje ukothuka kwamaza, isantya esikhulu sobushushu kunye neetsunami, kodwa ikwakhuphe uthuli olukhulu kunye nobutyobo kwindawo. emoyeni okuye kwamisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze kufikelele kumphezulu woMhlaba kungoko kufutshane nokuphela kwephotosynthesis kunye nobusika obude. Ukunqongophala kwephotosynthesis kuthetha ukutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo eziphambili ezivelisa i-phytoplankton kunye ne-algae kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezixhomekeke kuyo.^1,3. Impembelelo yeAsteroid yaba ngoyena nobangela wokutshabalala kodwa ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo ngexesha elinye, kwelinye icala, lube negalelo ekutshatyalalisweni kwenyambalala ngobuninzi bobumnyama nobusika ngokuphosa imisila yomsi nothuli emoyeni. Kwelinye icala, iye yabangela ukufudumala okuvela kwintaba-mlilo⁴. Ngokuphathelele ukuphela ngokupheleleyo kwentsapho yonke yeedayinaso ezingezizo iintaka, uphononongo lwefiziyoloji yenzala yeedinosaur zeentaka lubonisa ukuba kwabakho ukusilela ukuzala ngenxa yokunqongophala kwevithamin D3 (cholecalciferol) ekukhuleni kweembryos kumaqanda akhokelela ekufeni ngaphambi koko. ukuqandusela⁵.  

Kwixesha langoku le-Anthropocene (okt, ixesha lobuntu), abanye abaphandi baphikisa ukuba iSixth Mass Extinction sele iqhubeka ngoku ngoncedo lwemiba yendalo eyenziwe ngumntu efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ungcoliseko, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufudumala kwehlabathi, njl. Oku kusekelwe kuqikelelo lwemilinganiselo yangoku yokutshabalala kweentlobo zezilwanyana, ezifunyaniswe zikuluhlu olufanayo namazinga okuphela kweentlobo zokuphela kwenyambalala kwangaphambili¹. Enyanisweni, iziphumo eziphuma kolunye uphononongo ziqinisekisa ukuba amazinga akhoyo ngoku okutshabalala kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo angaphezulu lee kunamazinga okuphela kwezilwanyana zangaphambili ezihlanu ezifunyenwe kwingxelo yefosili. ^6,7,8 kwaye amaphulo olondolozo akabonakali eluncedo kakhulu⁸. Ngaphaya koko, kukho ezinye izinto ezenziwe ngumntu ezifana nemfazwe yenyukliya/intlekele enokubakho ukuphembelela intshabalalo enkulu. Amanyathelo adityanelweyo ehlabathi kunye nemizamo engaguqukiyo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo, ukuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuncitshiswa kwekhabhoni ekhutshwayo kunye nolondolozo lweentlobo, nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi bacebisa ukunciphisa ubungakanani beshishini lomntu, ukucutheka kwabantu ngokuncipha ngakumbi kwamazinga okuzalwa kunye nokuphela 'kokukhula. mania'⁹.  

Njengokuphela kokuphela kweCretaceous, nayiphi na intlekele yokusingqongileyo yexesha elizayo evela kwiimpembelelo ezinokubakho ukusuka isithuba kunye/okanye nogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwentaba-mlilo lunokubangela umngeni omkhulu phambi koluntu ngenxa yokuba ekuhambeni kwexesha, njengazo zonke iindawo. iplanethi, Umhlaba uya kuba sengozini ngenxa yeempembelelo ezivela isithuba (kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo) olufikelela kuvuthondaba ekuyekisweni kwefotosinthesis ngenxa yobumnyama obude kungoko zonke izityalo ezingundoqo ezivelisa izityalo kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezixhomekeke kuyo ziya kujongana nokuphela. 

Ubukoloniyali obunzulu isithuba kunye nokujikisa ii-asteroids ezibopheleleke emhlabeni kude noMhlaba ziimpendulo ezimbini ezinokubakho zoluntu kwizoyikiso ezikhoyo ezibangelwa ziimpembelelo ezivela isithuba. Ii-NASA's Artemis inyanga Ubuthunywa sisiqalo esiya nzulu isithuba indawo yokuhlala yabantu ukwenza abantu abaninziiplanethi iintlobo. Le nkqubo ayizukudala kuphela ubukho bomntu ixesha elide kwaye ijikeleze inyanga kodwa ufundise nezifundo ukulungiselela ubufundisi boluntu kunye neendawo zokuhlala mars. Umsebenzi ka-Artemis uya kwakha inkampu esisiseko kwi oyinyanga umphezulu wokunika oosomajukujuku ikhaya lokuhlala nokusebenza kulo inyanga. Esi iya kuba sisiganeko sokuqala sabantu abaphila kumphezulu womnye umzimba wasezulwini¹⁰. Ii-NASA's planari Ukhuselo I-DART Mission isetelwe ukuvavanya indlela yokuphambukisa iasteroid kude noMhlaba. Zombini ezi isithuba Ubuthunywa babambe isithembiso esikhulu malunga nokuthomalalisa imingeni ekhoyo eluntwini eyenziwa yimpembelelo evela isithuba. 

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2208231

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