Iminyaka engama-45 yeeNkomfa zeMozulu  

Ukususela kwiNkomfa yeMozulu yeHlabathi yokuqala ngo-1979 ukuya kwi-COP29 ngo-2024, uhambo lweeNkomfa zeMozulu luye lwaba ngumthombo wethemba. Ngelixa iinkomfa zibe yimpumelelo ekuziseni uluntu lonke kunye rhoqo ngonyaka ngesizathu esifanayo sokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokujongana nemingeni ehambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, impumelelo yayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ekunciphiseni izinto ezikhutshwayo, imali yemozulu kunye nokunciphisa kunomnqweno omkhulu. . Kwimeko ekhoyo ngoku, ekujoliswe kuko ekunciphiseni ukufudumala ukuya kwi-1.5-degree ekupheleni kwenkulungwane njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSivumelwano saseParis kubonakala ngathi akunakufane kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthandabuza koqoqosho oluninzi olusakhulayo kunye namaqela avelisa amafutha efosili. Imali yemozulu ibiyeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo kwi-COP29 esandul' ukuqukunjelwa eBaku. Inokunyusa inkxaso-mali ngokuphindwe kathathu ukusuka kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka ukuya kwi-300 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka ngo-2035, kodwa oku kungaphantsi kakhulu kwemfuneko yemali eqikelelweyo ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yemozulu. Kwavunyelwana kwiseshoni ye-Baku "ukukhusela iinzame zabo bonke abadlali ukuba basebenze kunye ukunyusa imali kumazwe asakhasayo, ukusuka kwimithombo yoluntu kunye neyabucala ukuya kwisixa se-1.3 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngo-2035", nangona kunjalo imali yemozulu ihlala iyinto enamathelayo phakathi kweNyakatho. naseMzantsi. Impumelelo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu ekubeni ingaba ingxowa-mali yeetriliyoni zeerandi iyafumaneka na ukuxhasa amaQela angeNgakho kwiSihlomelo (oko kukuthi, amazwe asaphuhlayo).  

INkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoTshintsho lweMozulu sisiganeko sonyaka. INkomfa yoTshintsho lweMozulu yalo nyaka okt. i29^th iseshoni yeNkomfa yamaQela (COP) yeNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC) yabanjwa ukusuka ngomhla we-11 kuNovemba wama-2024 ukuya kowama-24 kuNovemba wama-2024 eBaku, eAzerbaijan.  

INkomfa yokuQala yeMozulu yeHlabathi (i-WCC) yayibanjwe ngoFebruwari ka-1979 e-Geneva phantsi kwe-World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Yayiyindibano yenzululwazi yeengcali eziye zaqonda ukuba imozulu yehlabathi itshintshile ukutyhubela iminyaka yaza yahlola intsingiselo yayo eluntwini. Yabhenela kwiiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwiSindululo sazo ukuba ziphucule ulwazi lwemozulu nokuthintela naluphi na utshintsho olwenziwa ngumntu kwimozulu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iWCC yokuqala yakhokelela ekusekweni kwegqiza leengcaphephe malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.  

IPhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) yasekwa ngoNovemba 1988 yiWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO) kunye neUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuze ihlole inzululwazi enxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwacelwa ukuba kuhlolwe imeko yolwazi olukhoyo malunga nenkqubo yemozulu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu; iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo zokutshintsha kwemozulu; kunye nobuchule bokuphendula obunokwenzeka. Kwingxelo yayo yokuqala yovavanyo eyakhutshwa ngoNovemba ka-1990, i-IPCC yaqaphela ukuba iigesi ze-greenhouse ziye zanda kakhulu kwiatmosfera ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kungoko iNkomfa yeMozulu yeHlabathi yesibini kunye nekhwelo lesivumelwano sehlabathi malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.  

INkomfa yesibini yeMozulu yeHlabathi (iWCC) yabanjwa ngo-Oktobha-Novemba 1990 eGeneva. Iingcali zibonise umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu nangona kunjalo zadaniswa kukungabikho kwezinga eliphezulu lokuzinikela kwiSibhengezo soMphathiswa. Nangona kunjalo, yenza inkqubela ngesivumelwano sehlabathi esicetywayo.  

Ngomhla we-11 kuDisemba 1990, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaseka iKomiti yoThethathethwano yoRhulumente (INC) yeNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu kwaye iingxoxo zaqala. NgoMeyi 1992, i INgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC) yamkelwa kwiKomkhulu le-UN. NgoJuni 1992, i-UNFCCC yavulelwa ukutyikitywa kwiNgqungquthela yoMhlaba eRio. Ngomhla wama-21 kweyoKwindla ka-1994, i-UNFCCC yaqalisa ukusebenza, njengesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sokunqanda ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Oku kusekelwe kumthetho-siseko woxanduva olufanayo kodwa olwahlulahluliweyo kunye nokuba nako ngokufanelekileyo (CBDR-RC) okt, amazwe ngamanye anezakhono ezahlukeneyo kunye noxanduva olwahlukileyo kunye nokuzinikela okwahlukileyo ekujonganeni nokutshintsha kwemozulu.  

I-UNFCCC sisivumelwano esisisiseko esibonelela ngesiseko seengxoxo kunye nezivumelwano ezisekelwe kwiimeko zelizwe. Amazwe ali-197 atyikitye kwaye asamkela esi sivumelwano; ngalinye laziwa 'njengeQela' kwindibano yesakhelo. Amazwe ahlulwe abe ngamaqela amathathu ngokusekwe kwizibophelelo ezahlukeneyo – Amaqela eSihlomelo se-I (amazwe aphuhlileyo e-OECD kunye noQoqosho olukwinguqu eYurophu), amaQela eSihlomelo II (amazwe e-OECD eSihlomelo I), kunye namaQela angaManyeneyo (amazwe asakhasayo) . ISihlomelo II Amaqela abonelela ngezibonelelo zemali kunye nenkxaso kuMaqela angengawo eSihlomelo I (okt, amazwe asaphuhlayo) ukuba enze imisebenzi yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.  

Amazwe (okanye amaQela e-UNFCCC) adibana minyaka le INkomfa yamaQela (COP) ukuthethana ngeempendulo zamazwe ngamazwe kutshintsho lwemozulu. “IiNkomfa zamaQela (COP)” ezibanjwa minyaka le zikwabizwa ngokuba “ziNkomfa zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zoTshintsho lweMozulu”.  

INkomfa yokuqala yamaQela (COP 1) yabanjwa eBerlin ngoAprili 1995 apho kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba izibophelelo zamaQela kwiNgqungquthela 'zazinganelanga' kwiinjongo zokuhlangabezana, kungoko isivumelwano sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yobushushu samkelwa ngexesha leCOP3. eKyoto ngomhla we-11 kuDisemba 1997. Ibizwa kakhulu Umgaqo weKyoto, esi yayisisivumelwano sokuqala sehlabathi sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza esijolise ekuthinteleni uphazamiseko oluyingozi lwe-anthropogenic kwinkqubo yemozulu. Oku kwanyanzela amazwe aphuhlileyo ukuba anciphise ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Isibophelelo sayo sokuqala siphele ngo-2012. Ixesha lesibini lokuzibophelela kwavunyelwana ngalo ngexesha le-COP18 ngo-2012 e-Doha eyathi yandisa isivumelwano ukuya kutsho kowama-2020.  

Isivumelwano saseParis mhlawumbi sesona sisombululo sibanzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku luluntu lwehlabathi lwe-195 lokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu ukuya kwikamva eliphantsi kwekhabhoni, eyomeleleyo nelizinzileyo. Yamkelwa ngomhla we-12 Disemba 2015 ngexesha leseshoni ye-COP 21 kwikomkhulu laseFransi. Oku kwabonisa ikhosi ebanzi ngaphaya kokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse equka ukuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuziqhelanisa, kunye nezimali zemozulu.  

Itheyibhuli: Isivumelwano Paris 

Ukusukela ngoFebruwari 2023, amazwe ali-195 atyikitye isiVumelwano saseParis. I-USA yarhoxa kwisivumelwano ngo-2020 kodwa yaphinda yangena ngo-2021.  

Ukubaluleka kwenjongo yesiVumelwano saseParis sokucutha ubushushu behlabathi bube yi-1.5°C ngaphezu kwamanqanaba aphambi koshishino ngo-2050 kwaqinisekiswa njengesinyanzeliso yi-IPCC ngo-Okthobha wama-2018 ukuze kuthintelwe imbalela ethe kratya nangakumbi, izikhukula kunye nezaqhwithi kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezimbi kakhulu zemozulu. utshintsho. 

Ukunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi ukuya kwi-1.5 ° C, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kufuneka kuphakame ngaphambi kuka-2025 kwaye kuncitshiswe ngesiqingatha ngo-2030. vavanyo (yenkqubela phambili ehlangeneyo ekuphunyezweni kweenjongo zemozulu ze-2015 Paris Agreement) eyanikezelwa kwi-COP28 eyayibanjelwe eDubai ngo-2023 ibonise ukuba ihlabathi alikho sendleleni ekunciphiseni ukunyuka kobushushu ukuya kwi-1.5°C ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane. Utshintsho alukhawulezi ngokwaneleyo ukufikelela kwi-43% yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ngo-2030 enokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi ngaphakathi kwamabhongo akhoyo. Yiyo loo nto, i-COP 28 icele inguqu epheleleyo ukusuka kumafutha efosili ukuya kwi-zero ekhutshwayo ngo-2050 ngokuphinda-phinda kathathu amandla ahlaziyekayo, ukuphinda-phinda kabini kophuculo lwamandla ngo-2030, ukwehla kwamandla amalahle angathintelekiyo, kupheliswe izibonelelo zefosili engasebenzi kakuhle, nangokuthatha amanye amanyathelo qhuba inguqu kude kumafutha efosili kwiinkqubo zamandla, ngaloo ndlela, ukungenisa ekuqaleni kwesiphelo sefosili. ixesha lamafutha.   

I-COP28 isungule i-Global Climate Finance Framework yokuxhasa ngemali uqoqosho lwemozulu entsha ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba imali yemozulu iyafumaneka, iyafikeleleka kwaye iyafikeleleka. Isibhengezo seCOP28 kwi-Global Climate Finance Framework kufuneka zisondeze iGlobal North kunye neGlobal South ekufutshane ekwakheni kumfutho owenziwe ngamaphulo asele ekhona.   

Imixholo emibini esembindini ye-COP28, okt. ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nemali yemozulu kuye kwavakala kakhulu kwi-COP29 egqitywe kutshanje.  

I-COP29 yayibanjelwe e-Baku, e-Azerbaijan ukususela nge-11 kaNovemba ka-2024 kwaye yayiza kuqukunjelwa nge-22 Novemba 2024 nangona kunjalo iseshoni yandiswe malunga neeyure ezingama-33 ukuya kwi-24 kaNovemba 2024 ukuvumela ixesha elongezelelweyo labathetha-thethwano ukuba bancede ukufikelela kwimvumelwano. Akukho nto iphambili ibinokwenziwa malunga nenjongo “yokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kumafutha efosili ukuya kwi-zero ekhutshwayo ngowama-2050 ukunciphisa ubushushu behlabathi bube yi-1.5°C ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane” (mhlawumbi ngenxa yemeko yokungqubana kwemidla, njengoko iAzerbaijan injalo. umvelisi omkhulu we-oyile ekrwada kunye negesi yendalo).  

Nangona kunjalo, isivumelwano esinempumelelo sinokufikelelwa kwinkxaso-mali yemozulu kumazwe asakhasayo, ukususela kusukelo lwangaphambili lwe-100 lezigidi zezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka, ukuya kutsho kwiidola ezingama-300 eebhiliyoni ngonyaka ngowama-2035. ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho isivumelwano "sokukhusela iinzame zabo bonke abadlali ukuba basebenzisane ukunyusa imali kumazwe asakhasayo, ukusuka kwimithombo yoluntu kunye neyabucala ukuya kwisixa se-1.3 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngo-2035", nangona kunjalo imali yemozulu ihlala iyinto encamathelayo phakathi kweNyakatho. naseMzantsi. Impumelelo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu ekubeni ingaba ingxowa-mali yeetriliyoni zeerandi iyafumaneka na ukuxhasa amaQela aNgengawo eSihlomelo (oko kukuthi, amazwe asaphuhlayo). 

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Iingxelo:  

1. WMO 1979. Isibhengezo seNkomfa yeMozulu yeHlabathi. Ifumaneka e https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf  

2. UNFCC. Umgca wexesha. Ifumaneka e https://unfccc.int/timeline/  

3. UNFCC. Ngawaphi amaQela kunye nabachaphazelekayo abangengawo amaqela? Ifumaneka e https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-are-parties-non-party-stakeholders  

4. LSE. Yintoni iNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo ye-UN ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC)? Ifumaneka e https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-un-framework-convention-on-climate-change-unfccc/  

5. UNFCC. IProthokholi yaseKyoto – Ujoliso lwexesha lokuqala lokuzibophelela. Ifumaneka e  https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period

6. LSE. Yintoni isiVumelwano saseParis? Ifumaneka e https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-paris-agreement/  

7. COP29. Ukuphumelela kwi-Baku kuhambisa i-$ 1.3tn "Injongo yeMali ye-Baku". Ithunyelwe nge-24 Novemba 2024. Iyafumaneka e https://cop29.az/en/media-hub/news/breakthrough-in-baku-delivers-13tn-baku-finance-goal  

8. UKFCCC. Iindaba – iNkomfa yeMozulu ye-COP29 ye-UN iVumelana neziMali eziThathu kuMazwe asaPhuhlayo, ukuKhusela uBomi kunye nokuziPhila. Ithunyelwe nge-24 Novemba 2024.Ifumaneka apha https://unfccc.int/news/cop29-un-climate-conference-agrees-to-triple-finance-to-developing-countries-protecting-lives-and  

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