Ubume beSitofu sokugonya seHlabathi se-COVID-19: Isishwankathelo

Ukukhangela iyeza lokugonya le-COVID-19 jikelele, elisebenza ngokuchasene nazo zonke iintlobo zangoku nezexesha elizayo ze-coronavirus kuyafuneka. Umbono kukugxila kwindawo engaguqukiyo, egcinwe kakhulu yentsholongwane, endaweni yendawo ehlala iguquka. I-adenoviral vector ekhoyo ngoku esekwe, kunye nezitofu zokugonya ze-mRNA zisebenzisa iprotein ye-viral spike njengento ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngokubhekiselele kusukelo logonyo lwehlabathi lwe-COVID-19, inoveli ye-nanotechnology-based SpFN Vaccine ibonisa isithembiso esisekwe kukhuseleko lwangaphambili kunye namandla kunye nokuqala kwesigaba soku-1 solingo lwezonyango..  

Isifo se-COVID-19 esibangelwa yi- SARS-selwe-2 Intsholongwane ihlasele umhlaba wonke ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2019, ibangela malunga. Zizigidi ezisi-7 zokusweleka kwangaphambi kwexesha kwihlabathi liphela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukubandezeleka okukhulu kwabantu ngenxa yosulelo kunye nokutshixa kunye nokuzisa uqoqosho lwamazwe amaninzi. Uluntu lwezenzululwazi kwihlabathi liphela beluzama ngamandla ukwenza izitofu zokugonya ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo ezichasene nesifo, ukusukela kwintsholongwane epheleleyo ukuya kwi-DNA kunye nogonyo lweprotein conjugate.¹, ijolise kwiprotein ye-spike yentsholongwane. Itekhnoloji yamva nje ye-mRNA ikwasebenzisa iprotein ye-spike ebhaliweyo yentsholongwane ukufumana impendulo yomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, idatha yokusebenza kwesitofu sokugonya kunyaka ophelileyo okanye kunjalo ibonise ukuba ukhuseleko olunikezelwa zizitofu zokugonya alusebenzi kangako kwii-VOC ezisanda kuguqulwa (Uhlobo of Concern), njengoko kubonisiwe lusulelo oluninzi lokugonya, oluvela ngenxa yotshintsho kwiprotein ye-spike yentsholongwane. Utshintsho olutsha lubonakala lunosulelo ngakumbi, kwaye lunokubangela ukuba singabinobuzaza kakhulu kwisifo ngokuxhomekeke kubume botshintsho. I-delta enobundlobongela obuphezulu, yadala isiphithiphithi esibangela hayi nje ukwanda kwenani losulelo, kodwa kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokusweleka. Uhlobo olutsha lwe-Omicron olusandula ukuxelwa olusuka eMzantsi Afrika lunosulelo oluphindwe ka-4 ukuya kwi-6, nangona lubangela isifo esincinci kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwidatha ekhoyo yangoku. Ukwehla kokusebenza kwezitofu zokugonya ezifumanekayo ngokuchasene nokwahluka okutsha (kunye nokwahluka okunokubakho kwixesha elizayo), kuye kwanyanzela izazinzulu kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ngokufanayo, ukuba bacinge ngesitofu sokugonya se-COVID-19 esinokusebenza ngokuchasene nazo zonke iintlobo zangoku nezexesha elizayo ze-coronavirus. . Ugonyo lwe-Pan-coronavirus okanye isitofu sokugonya se-Universal COVID-19 sibhekisa koku.  

Ngapha koko, kunokubakho ezinye iinguqulelo ezikhoyo kuluntu, nangona kunjalo, ziya kuchongwa kuphela xa kulandelelana. Ukosuleleka kunye nokonakala kwezi ntlobo zikhoyo kunye/okanye ezintsha ezingekhoyo akwaziwa². Emva kokwahluka okuvelayo, imfuno yokuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya i-pan-coronavirus iya ibaluleka.  

Isifo se-COVID-19 esibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 silapha ukuze sihlale kwaye sisenokungakwazi ukusisusa ngokupheleleyo. Ngapha koko, abantu bebephila neentsholongwane zeCorona ezibangela ukubanda okuqhelekileyo, ukusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko yabantu. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo ibone ukuqhambuka kwekoronavirus ezine: SARS (isifo esiqatha sokuphefumla, ngo-2002 nango-2003), MERS (Isifo sokuphefumla kuMbindi Mpuma, ukusukela ngo-2012), kwaye ngoku i-Covid-19 (ukusukela ngo-2019 ebangelwa yi-SARS-CoV-2)³. Owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kobumsulwa kunye nezinye iintlobo ezintathu ezibangele ukuqhambuka kwesifo kukukwazi okuphuculweyo kwentsholongwane ye-SARS-COV-2 ukosulela (ubudlelwane obuphezulu be-ACE2 receptors) kwaye kubangele isifo esibi (isaqhwithi se-cytokine). Nokuba intsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 ifumene obu buchule ngokwemvelo (indaleko yendalo) okanye ngenxa yendaleko i laboratory, ngokusekelwe kuphando olwenziwa kwizifundo "zokufumana umsebenzi", ezikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kolu hlobo olutsha kunye nokuqhambuka kwayo ngengozi, ngumbuzo ohleli ungaphendulwanga kude kube ngoku. 

Isicwangciso esicetyisiweyo sokwenza isitofu sokugonya intsholongwane ye-pan-corona kukuba kujoliswe kwingingqi ye-genomic yentsholongwane egciniweyo kwaye ayinakwenzeka ukuba iguquke. Oku kuya kubonelela ngokhuseleko kwizinto ezikhoyo nezingekhoyo kwixesha elizayo. 

Omnye umzekelo wokujolisa kwingingqi yemvumelwano kukusebenzisa i-RNA polymerase njengento ekujoliswe kuyo⁴. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lufunyenwe inkumbulo Iiseli ze-T kubasebenzi bokhathalelo lwempilo ezazijoliswe ngokuchasene ne-RNA polymerase. Le enzyme, eyona nto igcinwe phakathi kwe-coronavirus yabantu ebangela ukubanda okuqhelekileyo kunye ne-SARS-CoV-2), iyenza ibe yinto ekujoliswe kuyo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni isitofu sokugonya se-pan-coronavirus. Esinye isicwangciso esamkelwe yiWalter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), eU.SA kukuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya jikelele, esibizwa ngokuba yiSpike Ferritin Nanoparticle (SpFN), esisebenzisa inxalenye engenabungozi yentsholongwane ukuqalisa ukhuseleko lomzimba kwi-COVID-19. Ugonyo lwe-SpFN lubonakaliswe ukuba alunikezeli kuphela ukhuseleko ngokuchasene ne-Alpha kunye ne-Beta eyahlukileyo kwii-hamsters.⁵, kodwa iphinda ibangele i-T cell kunye nempendulo ethile ye-immune yangaphakathi kwiigundane⁶ kunye neeprimates ezingezozabantu⁷. Olu phononongo lwangaphambi kweklinikhi lubonisa ukusebenza kogonyo lwe-SpFN kwaye lunika inkxaso kwisicwangciso se-WRAIR sophuhliso lwesitofu sokugonya se-pan-coronavirus.⁸. Isitofu sokugonya se-SpFN singene kwiSigaba 1, iRandomized, Double-blind, i-Placebo-Controlled yolingo kubathathi-nxaxheba be-29 ukuvavanya uKhuseleko, ukunyamezela, kunye ne-Immunogenicity. Ityala laqala nge-5 ka-Epreli 2021 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ligqitywe kwiinyanga ezili-18 ngo-Okthobha wama-30 ngo-2022.⁹. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo lwakwangoko lwedatha kule nyanga luya kukhanyisa amandla e-SpFN kunye nokhuseleko ebantwini.⁸. 

Ukusetyenziswa kwentsholongwane enqatyisiweyo (njengoko iqulethe zonke ii-antigens; ukuguqulwa kunye nokuguqulwa okuncinci). Nangona kunjalo, oku kufuna ukuba kuveliswe izixa ezikhulu zamasuntswana entsholongwane egazini, efuna indawo yokuqulatha i-BSL-4 yokwenziwa, enokuthi ibeke umngcipheko wokhuseleko olungamkelekanga.  

Ezi ndlela zibonelela ngenyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili kwimfuno engxamisekileyo yokuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya esikhuselekileyo nesinamandla esichasene ne-SARS-CoV-2 kwaye sikhuphe ihlabathi kule meko yangoku, kwaye silibuyisele kwimeko yesiqhelo ngokukhawuleza. 

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Iingxelo:  

1. Soni R, 2021. I-Soberana 02 kunye ne-Abdala: I-Protein yokuqala ye-conjugate yeHlabathi yokugonya ngokuchasene ne-COVID-19. Inzululwazi yaseYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-30 kaNovemba 2021. Ifumaneka apha https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/covid-19/soberana-02-and-abdala-worlds-first-protein-conjugate-vaccines-against-covid-19/ 

2. Soni R., 2022. I-COVID-19 eNgilani: Ngaba ukuPhakanyiswa kweMilinganiselo yesiCwangciso B kuyathetheleleka? Inzululwazi yaseYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-20 kaJanuwari 2022. Ifumaneka e https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/covid-19/covid-19-in-england-is-lifting-of-plan-b-measures-justified/ 

3. I-Morens DM, i-Taubenberger J, kunye ne-Fauci A. Izitofu ze-Coronavirus ze-Universal - Isidingo esiNgxamisekileyo. NEJM. Disemba 15, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2118468  

4. Soni R, 2021. Izitofu zokugonya "i-Pan-coronavirus": i-RNA Polymerase iyavela njengeSitofu ekuJoliswe kuso. Inzululwazi yaseYurophu. Ithunyelwe nge-16 kuNovemba 2021. Ifumaneka apha https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/covid-19/pan-coronavirus-vaccines-rna-polymerase-emerges-as-a-vaccine-target/  

5. Wuertz, KM, Barkei, EK, Chen, WH. okqhubekayo. Isitofu sokugonya se-SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle sikhusela i-hamsters ngokuchasene nomngeni wentsholongwane ye-Alpha kunye ne-Beta. Izitofu ze-NPJ 6, 129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00392-7   

6. UCarmen, JM, Shrivastava, S., Lu, Z. et al. Isitofu sokugonya se-SARS-CoV-2 se-ferritin nanoparticle sibangela ukuba umntu asebenze ngamandla omzimba okuqhuba iimpendulo zeeseli ze-T ze-polyfunctional spike-specific. npj Ugonyo 6, 151 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00414-4 

7. UJoyce M., et al 2021. Isitofu sokugonya se-SARS-CoV-2 se-ferritin se-nanoparticle sivelisa iimpendulo zokhuselo lomzimba kwiiprimates ezingezozamntu. Iyeza leNzululwazi lokuGuqulela. 16 Dec 2021. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.abi5735  

8. Uthotho lwezifundo zangaphambi kweklinikhi zixhasa iqhinga loMkhosi lophuhliso logonyo lwe-pan-coronavirus https://www.army.mil/article/252890/series_of_preclinical_studies_supports_the_armys_pan_coronavirus_vaccine_development_strategy 

9. I-SARS-COV-2-Spike-Ferritin-Nanoparticle (SpFN) Isitofu esine-ALFQ Adjuvant yoThintelo lwe-COVID-19 kubantu abadala abasempilweni https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04784767?term=NCT04784767&draw=2&rank=1

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