Ukuphakanyiswa okukhawulezileyo kokuvalwa, abavelisi okanye oosomashishini abaphethe amalungelo e-IP ngaphezulu kwetekhnoloji entsha enokuthi iphucule ukuxilongwa kunye nonyango lwe-COVID-19, abanokuthi ngenye indlela bangakwazi ukuzisa iimveliso kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo ngenxa yeengxaki zemali kunye nokusebenza kufanele ukuba zifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo. bahlawulelwe ngexabiso lamalungelo abo e-IP ngamaqumrhu oluntu kunye/okanye i-pharma/biotech giants nto leyo eya kuthi ibangele ukuba iteknoloji yenoveli ibone usuku lokwenziwa kwemveliso ngobuninzi ukulwa usulelo ngokufanelekileyo oko ke kuncede ukuphakamisa ukuvalwa kwezoqoqosho kwakamsinya.
Ubhubhani weCoronavirus obangelwa ngu Covid-19 Lithathe ilizwe liphela ngesivunguvungu kwaye iimeko ze-COVID-19 zinyuka mihla le kwaye inani linqumla kwi-2.3 yezigidi kwihlabathi jikelele nge-19 ka-Epreli (1). Ngoku, ekuphela kwendlela yothintelo kwi-COVID-19 kukude noluntu, okt ukuhlala kude omnye komnye, de kuphuhliswe unyango ngokwemigaqo yamachiza amancinci emolekyuli (2), ugonyo (3) kunye/okanye unyango lwe-antibody (4). Ukuze kugcinwe umgama phakathi kwentlalontle, oorhulumente abohlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela banyanzelise ukuvalwa okunyanzelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bahlala ekhaya ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane. Kumazwe apho ukuvalwa kwe-Lockdown kunganyanzeliswanga ngabasemagunyeni, abantu bazama ukufunda kwabanye ngaphaya kwemida yejografi kwaye bazigcine bekude ekuhlaleni ngokunqanda iindibano zentlalo kunye nokuhlala ezindlini ukuthintela ukosulelwa yi-COVID-19.
Nangona ukutshixa kubalulekile ukunqanda ukusasazeka okuthe kratya kwe-COVID-19, luzise uqoqosho lwehlabathi emaxongo (5) ngenxa yelahleko enkulu ngenxa yamashishini kunye namaziko avaliweyo kude kube ngoku. Amazing iyaqhubeka. Ukongeza, kukho iindleko ezinkulu zentlalo ezinempembelelo kubudlelwane babantu kunye nempilo yengqondo yabantu ngabanye ngenxa yokuvalelwa ngaphakathi kunye nokungakwazi ukusebenzisana ubuso ngobuso, okukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinjengokudakumba, ukuguquka kwemizwelo njl njl. iingcali zikawonke-wonke nezikarhulumente zisilwa nesifo ngale mibuzo ilandelayo engqondweni. Kufuneka kuqhubeke ixesha elingakanani ukuvalwa? Inokuba yintoni iqhinga lokunyusa i-lockdown? Gqibezela okanye ngokwezigaba. Sinokuyithoba njani imiphumo yokutshixa? Ngelishwa, akukho zimpendulo zilula nezithe ngqo kuyo yonke le mibuzo kwaye umntu ngamnye okanye iziko ngalinye linombono walo wokuba ikamva liya kuba yintoni na, okwexeshana elifutshane kunye nexesha elide.
Nangona kunjalo, into enye eqinisekileyo yeyokuba utyalo-mali olukhulu lwenziwe kwaye lwenziwa ukuba luqulathe isifo se-COVID-19 kuphela kodwa nokuphuhlisa ungenelelo lokuxilonga kunye nonyango olunokunceda ekulawuleni ubhubhane we-COVID-19. Iziphumo zokutshixa zingancitshiswa kwaye ukunyuswa kwayo kunokuthotywa ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela uxilongo kunye nonyango olunokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ngayo. Ukuvuka kwale ngxaki, umhlaba ujonge kulo lonke uluntu lwezenzululwazi lwehlabathi, ngakumbi imibutho emincinci ukuzisa izisombululo zetekhnoloji entsha, kwindawo yoxilongo lwe-COVID-19 kunye nonyango, ngokuba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye ubukhali xa kuthelekiswa nezigebenga ezinkulu. . Ngelixa ezi nabaqambi banokubonelela ngetekhnoloji yokwaphula indlela, basenokungabi nawo amandla okuvelisa kunye nokufikelela kokusasazwa ukuzisa imveliso yabo kubantu abaninzi. Ngokubhekiselele koku, iinkampani ezinkulu, iziseko zesisa kunye nabanye abantu abanexabiso eliphezulu kufuneka babonelele ngesihlunu sezemali esifunekayo kwimveliso enkulu kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuvuza umntu osungula into entsha ngokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo e-IP angawomntu osungulayo okanye ngokungena kwisivumelwano selayisensi esikhethekileyo/esingabodwa sokusebenzisa ubuchwephesha bomenzi omtsha ukwenza nokusasaza ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Uvuselelo lwemali lunokubonelelwa ngoorhulumente abohlukeneyo ukuze benze obu bugcisa bufumaneke ngexabiso elifikelelekayo ebantwini. Olu luvo luchazwe kwinqaku likaProf Elias Mossialos (6). Ugxininise ukuba oorhulumente abohlukeneyo kunye nemibutho yesisa kufuneka beze ngaphambili kwaye bangenelele kule meko inzima ukuze baxhase ngemali kunye/okanye bathenge ubuchwephesha kubavelisi kwaye emva koko buguqulelwe ngendlela yokuba bufumaneke kuluntu ngokubanzi ngexabiso elifikelelekayo.
Umbono wokufumana itekhnoloji yelayisenisi evela kubavelisi bezinye iinkampani kwaye emva koko baguqulelwe kwimveliso enokwenzeka ayiyonto intsha kwaye ibiyinto eqhelekileyo. Iinkampani ezincinci ezivelisa izinto ezintsha zinokuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo azo obuchwephesha bobuchwephesha ngomrhumo wexesha elinye okanye zingene kwisivumelwano selayisenisi kunye nenkampani enkulu enamandla amakhulu emali, apho iinkampani ezincinci ezivelisa izinto ezintsha zifumana intlawulo yangaphambili elandelwa bubukhosi kwiintengiso kunye nokuthengisa. iintlawulo ezibalulekileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimigaqo nemiqathango yesivumelwano. Umba wokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ngokukhupha iilayisenisi ngomrhumo uye wachazwa kakuhle waze wathunyelwa nguNjingalwazi Elias Mossialos kwincwadi yakhe enesihloko esithi “Imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkuthazo yokukhuthaza ukuqalwa kokutsha kuphando ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane’’, apho wayehlalutya amathuba kunye nenkuthazo yokuvuselela iR&D. kumayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, kwaye kucetywa ukuba kubekho a 'I-Patent Pool (PP)' “njengendlela yonxibelelaniso eyenza ukuba ukufunyanwa okuhlangeneyo kunye nolawulo lwe-IP isetyenziswe ngabantu besithathu ngentlawulo'' kunye 'Ubudlelwane boPhuhliso lweMveliso (PDP's) njengesithuthi sokubonelela ngentsebenziswano enkulu phakathi kwamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo.
Ingqikelelo ye-'PP' yeyokuba inokubekwa ngamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza asuka nokuba kurhulumente okanye kwicandelo labucala. Naliphi na iziko elinqwenela ukusebenzisa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ekuphuhliseni imveliso yenoveli linakho ukugunyazisa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza equleni ngokuhlawula umrhumo wangaphambili kunye/okanye imirhumo ekuthengisweni kwemveliso kamva. Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zokuthengiselana kunye nezithintelo ekungeneni kweemarike ezibangelwa ukukhuselwa kwe-IP. UProf. Mossialos ukwaxoxa ngemizekelo kwincwadi yakhe apho ukudityaniswa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwaba luncedo, ngokunxulumene nophando lwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane.
Mhlawumbi ku PDP's, Amaziko anokungena kwintsebenziswano enkulu ngokujolise ekuphuhliseni imveliso ukusuka ekupheleni kwesigaba sonyango ukuya kutsho kulingo lwezonyango. Oku kungakhokelela ekugqityweni kophuhliso lwemveliso kunye namaqumrhu ahlukeneyo abelana ngomngcipheko kunye nomvuzo.
Ukuphuhliswa kwengcamango efanayo ye 'Iphuli yePatent' kunye 'noBudlelwane boPhuhliso lweMveliso' Sisidingo seyure namhlanje njengoko ilizwe lizamazamana nobhubhani we-COVID-19. 'I-Patent Pool' iya kubonelela ngendlela apho amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo anokufaka isandla ngokunikezela ngamalungelo awodwa abenzi, anokuthi emva koko athathwe ziinkampani/amaziko ophando anomdla nanakho ukwenza ukuphuhlisa ngakumbi ukuxilongwa kwe-COVID-19 kunye/okanye iimveliso zonyango ngokukhawuleza ukunceda. phakamisa isitshixo kungekudala. Yakuba iphuhlisiwe, ingqikelelo 'yoBudlelwane boPhuhliso lweMveliso' iza apho iinkampani ezahlukeneyo/ezifanayo zithatha imveliso ephuhlisiweyo kwaye zingene kuphuhliso lwezonyango kunye nokuqinisekiswa.
Olunye ukhetho lwe 'IiNtsebenziswano zokuThengisa kunye nezoRhwebo (MCP's)' I-PDP elandelayo iyandululwa nje ukuba imveliso iphuhliswe kwaye yenziwe kwaye ilungele ukuthengiswa. Oku kubandakanya iinkampani ezingena kwizivumelwano zentengiso nomphuhlisi wemveliso yokuthengisa kunye namalungelo orhwebo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele ukuze imveliso ifikelele kuluntu lonke ngaphandle kwemiba emikhulu. Izakhono ezifunekayo kwiinkampani ezithatha inxaxheba kwii-MCP zahluke kakhulu kuneenkampani/amaziko abandakanyekayo kwii-PDP. Ii-MCPs zinokubandakanya oorhulumente bamazwe abohlukeneyo kunye namaziko ezempilo oluntu ukuba kukho imfuneko yokubonelela ngemveliso ngexabiso elifikelelekayo kubemi belizwe elithile ukuthoba umthwalo wesifo.
Isixa semali esibandakanyekayo ekuphuhliseni iikhonsepthi zee-PP, ii-PDPs kunye nee-MCPs ze-COVID-19 zingaphantsi kakhulu kwisixa semali ilizwe ngalinye eliphulukana nalo ngenxa yokuvalwa komsebenzi kunye nezinye iziphumo ezinxulumene nobhubhane.
Inqaku ekufuneka lisiwe ekhaya apha lelokuba, kule meko yobhubhane ihlabathi liphela elijongene nayo malunga ne-COVID-19, iikhonsepthi ezibhekiselele kwiiPP, iiPDPs kunye neeMCPs ukuba ziphuhlisiwe zinokukhokelela kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo loxilongo kunye/okanye. irejimeni yonyango ngokuhambelanayo nokubuyekeza abafunyanisi abafanelekileyo kunye nabaphuhlisi bemveliso.
Iziphumo ezintsha nezifikelelekayo zeenkqubo zokuxilonga kunye nongenelelo lonyango lwe-COVID-19, luyakwenza lula amathuba okutshixa ukuya phambili, mhlawumbi kwangethuba kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe kwaye kusindise ilahleko yezoqoqosho ethwaxwa yihlabathi.
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Iingxelo:
1. I-Worldometer 2020. I-COVID-19 I-CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. Igqityelwe ukuhlaziywa: Epreli 19, 2020, 14:41 GMT. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://worldometers.info/coronavirus/ Ifikeleleke nge-19 ka-Epreli 2020.
2. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, et al 2020. I-Remdesivir yi-antiviral esebenza ngokuthe ngqo evimbela i-RNA polymerase exhomekeke kwi-RNA kwi-acute acute breathing syndrome i-coronavirus 2 enamandla amakhulu. J Biol Chem. 2020. Ipapashwe okokuqala nge-13 ka-Epreli 2020. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA120.013679
3. Soni R., 2020. Izitofu zokugonya i-COVID-19: Ugqatso ngokuchasene nexesha. Inzululwazi yaseYurophu. Ipapashwe nge-14 kuEpreli 2020. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/covid-19/vaccines-for-covid-19-race-against-time/ Ifikeleleke nge-19 ka-Epreli 2020.
4. IYunivesithi yaseTempile ngo-2020. ITempile iNyanga iSigulana sokuqala e-US kwiTrial yeClinical Trial ye-Gimsilumab yezigulana ezine-COVID-19 kunye ne-Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Igumbi leendaba leLewis Katz School of Medicine liposwe nge-15 kuTshazimpuzi 2020. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi apha https://medicine.temple.edu/news/temple-treats-first-patient-us-clinical-trial-gimsilumab-patients-covid-19-and-acute Ifikeleleke nge-19 ka-Epreli 2020.
5. I-Matal S kunye ne-Barzani E 2020. Impembelelo yoQoqosho lweHlabathi ye-COVID-19: IsiShwankathelo soPhando. Samuel Neaman Institute. Ipapashwe ngoMatshi 2020. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.neaman.org.il/Files/Global%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20COVID-19.pdf Ifikeleleke nge-19 ka-Epreli 2020.
6. Mossialos E., 2020. Ukuhlawula abaqambi bezinto ezintsha yindlela yokuphuma kutshixo. Amaxesha. Ipapashwe nge-15 kuTshazimpuzi 2020. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/paying-innovators-is-the-way-out-of-lockdown-b3jb6b727. Ifikeleleke nge-19 ka-Epreli 2020.
7. Mossialos E, Morel CM, et al, 2010. Imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkuthazo yokukhuthaza ukutsha kuphando lwe-antibiotic. I-European Observatory kwiiNkqubo zezeMpilo kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo ye-WHO. Iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/120143/E94241.pdf Ifikeleleke nge-16 ka-Epreli 2020.
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