Iintlobo zoGonyo lwe-COVID-19 kwiVogue: Ngaba Kunokubakho Into Engalunganga?

Kwindlela yokwenza amayeza, umntu ukhetha indlela evavanyiweyo ngexesha ngelixa enyanga kwaye ezama ukuthintela izifo. Utshintsho ludla ngokulindeleka ukuba luphumelele uvavanyo lwexesha. Iigonyo ezintathu ezivunyiweyo ze-COVID-19 , iigonyo ezimbini ze-mRNA kunye negonyo enye ye-adenovirus vector DNA eyenziwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo, zisekelwe kwiingcamango kunye nobuchwepheshe obungazange busetyenziswe ebantwini ngaphambili (nangona zimbalwa ezivunyiweyo ukuba zisetyenziswe kunyango lwezilwanyana). Iigonyo ezingasebenziyo zihlale uvavanyo lwexesha elingaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane kwaye zidlale indima ephambili ekulawuleni nasekupheliseni izifo ezininzi ezisulelayo. Ngaba iingxaki zendlela endala evavanyiweyo yophuhliso lokuzikhusela ngokugonywa okungasebenziyo okuquka iintsholongwane ezibuleweyo okanye ezincitshisiweyo zinzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingalahlwa ngokupheleleyo ukuze zikhethe ubuchwepheshe obungazange busetyenziswe ebantwini ngaphambili? Kubonakala ngathi, imeko engaqhelekanga evezwe ngubhubhane ibonakala inovavanyo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphuhlisayo, obunamandla aphezulu bokugonywa kunye nonyango obekungathatha iminyaka eliqela ukubona ukukhanya kwemini.

Iigonyo ezintathu ezivunyiweyo ze-COVID-19 ezinikwa abantu base-UK phantsi kwenkqubo yokugonywa okukhulu ukulwa nobhubhane ngokwezinto eziphambili ezibekwe ngabasemagunyeni zezi

1. I-BNT162b2 (eyenziwe nguPfizer/BioNTech): a Isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA, ithwala umyalezo wokubonakaliswa kweprotheni yentsholongwane ye-antigen kwiiseli zomntu  
2. mRNA-1273 (yenziwe yiModerna): i-mRNA Iigonya yenza ngendlela efanayo nangasentla 
3. I-ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 (nge IOxford / AstraZeneca): ngokusisiseko, a Isitofu sokugonya se-DNA, isebenzisa i-adenovirus eyenziwe ngokwemfuza njenge-vector ukuthwala i-spike-protein gene yenoveli ye-coronavirus ebonakaliswa kwiiseli zomntu ezisebenza njenge-antigen kuphuhliso olusebenzayo lomzimba.  

Zonke ezi gonyo zithathu ze-COVID-19 zikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla kulindeleke ukuba zibangele ukhuselo olusebenzayo kwi-coronavirus entsha. Inkqubo yophuhliso lokhuselo (kokubini oluthambileyo nolweselula) iqala emva kokuvezwa kwii-antigens. Kwimeko yokugonywa kwe -mRNA , oku kwenzeka emva kokuba iiproteni ze-spike zentsholongwane zibonakala kwiiseli zabantu emva kokufakwa kwesitofu esine-RNA ye-viral messenger. Kwimeko yezinye, uphuhliso lokhuselo lwentsholongwane lwenzeka emva kokubonakaliswa kwe-DNA ye-coronavirus efakwe kwi-adenovirus. Umntu unokuphikisana ngelithi ezi gonyo azingogonyo ngokwenene kuba zona ngokwazo azizo ii-antigens kwaye azinakukhuthaza impendulo yokhuselo lomzimba de ziguqulelwe kwiiproteni zentsholongwane kwiiseli zabantu. Isitofu, ngokwenkcazo, sibangela inkqubo yophuhliso lokhuselo olusebenzayo kodwa kwimeko yezi gonyo zintathu kufuneka kulinde de ii-genes zentsholongwane ziguqulelwe kwiiproteni ezinokuthi zisebenze njengee-antigens. Ezi gonyo zintathu zivunyiweyo zisekelwe kubuchwepheshe obungazange busetyenziswe ebantwini ngaphambili.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo okanye ngaphezulu, amayeza okugonya adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni izifo ezininzi ezosulelayo (ngaphandle kwemalariya). Umgangatho wegolide ovavanyiweyo yayikukusebenzisa iintsholongwane ezingasebenziyo okanye iindawo zentsholongwane ezibuleweyo njengesitofu sokugonya. Phantse yayisebenza rhoqo. Le yindlela izifo ezininzi ezosulelayo ezazilawulwa ngayo kwaye ezinye zatshatyalaliswa ngaphambili.

Ukuba ubhubhane wangoku wawuhlasele uluntu kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ngesasisebenzisa izitofu ezilungileyo zakudala ezivavanyiweyo ezenziwe ngeentsholongwane ezibuleweyo kodwa isayensi iqhubele phambili kakhulu kutshanje. Inkqubela phambili kwi-molecular biology yezakhi zofuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okunokwenzeka kunyango kunye nophuhliso lwezitofu kunye neziphumo ezikhuthazayo kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kuthetha ukuvalelisa kwindlela ekhoyo yokukhuthaza ukuzikhusela okusebenzayo ngokuchanaba kwii-antigens ezibuthathaka. Ingcinga yokukhohlisa umzimba womntu ukuba uvelise iiproteni zentsholongwane kwiiseli ezinokusebenza njengee-antigens zokuqalisa ukwakheka kwee-antibody ngokuchasene neeproteni zentsholongwane ezenziwe ngokwazo intle kwaye ihlakaniphile kwaye isenokuba sisibane seentsuku ezizayo. Kodwa ke akukho mRNA okanye i-adenovirus eguqulwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo ekhe yasetyenziswa ebantwini ukukhohlisa umzimba ukuba ukhuthaze ukuzikhusela okusebenzayo. Ewe, kukho ixesha lokuqala lokuba yonke into ibe ntsha. Ewe, isenokuba kwixesha loxolo emva kokufunda impembelelo ixesha elide ngakumbi nakubantu abasengozini.

Inyani yile, ezi ndlela zintsha ziyimpendulo kweminye yemiba yokhuseleko efana neengozi zokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo, ukusasazeka okungacwangciswanga okanye iimpazamo zemveliso njl. njl. ezinxulumene neentlobo zakudala zezitofu . Ukongeza, iindlela ezintsha zijoliswa ngcono - i-antibody ethile nxamnye ne-antigen ethile yentsholongwane. Kodwa umntu uphoswe kukuphawula into wonke umntu awayeyazi ukuba lo bhubhane ubangelwa yi-coronavirus, intsholongwane enembali yakutshanje yezifo ezininzi kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, kunye nentsholongwane eyaziwa ngokuba idume ngokuguquka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokungabikho komsebenzi wokuhlola i-nuclease, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ii-antigen zentsholongwane aziyi kuhlala zingatshintshi ngokwesakhiwo ixesha elide. Ngokucacileyo, le yindlela imeko ebonakala ngayo ngoku.

Ewe ngokwenene, uvavanyo lweklinikhi lwenziwe ngempumelelo kwiigonyo ezisekelwe kwi-viral gene ezibonakalise ukhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle ngaphakathi koluhlu oluvumelekileyo. Oku kuyasebenza nakwigonyo le-COVID-19 elingasebenziyo le-viral yonke, ukusebenza kwalo kokuqala malunga ne-70% kuvavanyo eBrazil kwehliswa ukuya kwi-50.7% emva kokuba abanye abazithandelayo bebonakalise iimpawu ezibuthathaka. Kodwa ke iigonyo ezingasebenziyo ze-viral yonke ziyaziwa ukuba zibangela iimpendulo ezibuthathaka ngenxa yendalo yazo, mhlawumbi ukutshintshiselana ngokukhuseleka okusebenzayo kuluhlu olubanzi lwee-antigens.

Idatha yokusebenza kwezi gonyo zithathu ezivunyiweyo e-UK, ingakumbi malunga nenqanaba lokhuseleko olunikezelwa kubantu abasengozini ingachaza ibali elinzulu kwixesha elizayo. Okwangoku, ukuba ukukhetha isigonyo esineentlobo ngeentlobo zee-antigens ezivela kwintsholongwane engasebenziyo ebuleweyo kusenokuba ngcono ekusebenzeni ixesha elide akusekho. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba, kubantu abasengozini, oko kukuthi, abo basengozini enkulu ngenxa yobudala okanye izifo ezihambisana noko, ukungeniswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-immunity engasebenziyo ngokusebenzisa ii-antibodies ezithintela intsholongwane kusenokuba lolona khetho lungcono kunye nendlela esebenzayo yokuzikhusela kubantu abasempilweni.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, imeko engaqhelekanga ethiwe thaca ngubhubhane ibonakala inovavanyo olulandelelweyo olukhawulezayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kogonyo oluphezulu kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yonyango ebenokuthi mhlawumbi ithathe iminyaka eliqela ukubona ukukhanya kosuku. 

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I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/210101

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