Kwinkqubo yonyango, umntu ukhetha ixesha elivavanyiweyo indlela eqinisekisiweyo ngelixa enyanga kwaye ezama ukukhusela izifo. Inguqulelo entsha idla ngokulindeleka ukuba iphumelele uvavanyo lwexesha. Aba bathathu bavunywe i-COVID-19 zokugonya, izitofu ezimbini ze-mRNA kunye nesinye isitofu sokugonya se-adenovirus vector DNA, zisekelwe kwiingcamango kunye nobuchwepheshe obungazange busetyenziswe ebantwini kwixesha elidlulileyo (nangona ezimbalwa zivunyiwe ukuba zisetyenziswe kunyango lwezilwanyana). Izitofu zokugonya ezingasebenziyo zamelana novavanyo lwexesha ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane kwaye zadlala indima ephambili kulawulo nokuphelisa izifo ezininzi ezosulelayo. Ngaba izinto ezingalunganga zendlela eyavavanywa kwakudala yophuhliso olusebenzayo lokugonyeka ngogonyo olungasebenziyo olubandakanya iintsholongwane ezibuleweyo okanye ezithintelweyo zinzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba zilahlwe ngokupheleleyo ukuze zikhethe ubugcisa obungazange busetyenziswe ebantwini ngaphambili? Kuyabonakala ukuba, imeko engaqhelekanga ethiwe thaca ngubhubhane ibonakala inovavanyo olulandelelweyo olukhawulezayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kogonyo oluphezulu kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yonyango ebenokuthi mhlawumbi ithathe iminyaka eliqela ukubona ukukhanya kosuku.
Aba bathathu bavunywe i-COVID-19 zokugonya okwangoku ilawulwa abantu base-UK phantsi kwenkqubo yogonyo olukhulu lokulwa lo bhubhane ngokwezinto eziphambili ezibekwe ngabasemagunyeni.
- I-BNT162b2 (eyenziwe nguPfizer/BioNTech): a Isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA, ithwala umyalezo wokubonakaliswa kweprotheni yentsholongwane ye-antigen kwiiseli zomntu
- mRNA-1273 (yenziwe yiModerna): i-mRNA Iigonya yenza ngendlela efanayo nangasentla
- I-ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 (nge IOxford / AstraZeneca): ngokusisiseko, a Isitofu sokugonya se-DNA, isebenzisa i-adenovirus eyenziwe ngokwemfuza njenge-vector ukuthwala i-spike-protein gene yenoveli ye-coronavirus ebonakaliswa kwiiseli zomntu ezisebenza njenge-antigen kuphuhliso olusebenzayo lomzimba.
Zonke ezi zintathu zikhankanywe ngasentla Covid-19 zokugonya kulindeleke ukuba zenze ukhuseleko olusebenzayo ngokuchasene ne-coronavirus entsha. Inkqubo yophuhliso lwe-immunity (zombini i-humoral kunye neselula) iqala emva kokuvezwa kwi-antigens. Kwimeko ye-mRNA zokugonya, oku kwenzeka emva kokuba iiproteni ze-viral spike zibonakaliswe kwiiseli zomntu kulandela inaliti yesitofu sokugonya esiqulethe i-viral messenger RNA. Kwimeko yenye, uphuhliso lokhuselo lwenzeka emva kokubonakaliswa kwe-coronavirus DNA efakwe kwi-adenovirus. Omnye unokuphikisa ukuba ezi zokugonya ayizozitofu zokwenyani ngengqiqo engqongqo kuba zona ngokwazo azizo-antigens kwaye azinakwenza impendulo yokhuselo lomzimba ngese nganye de iguqulelwe kwiiproteni zentsholongwane kwiiseli zomntu. Isitofu sokugonya, ngokwenkcazo, sivusa inkqubo yophuhliso logonyo olusebenzayo kodwa kwimeko yezi zitofu zintathu kufuneka ilinde de kuguqulelwe imfuza yentsholongwane yentsholongwane kwiiproteni ezinokuthi zisebenze njenge-antigens. Ezi zitofu zithathu zivunyiweyo zisekelwe kubuchwepheshe obungazange busetyenziswe ebantwini ngaphambili.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo okanye kunjalo, zokugonya baye badlala indima ephambili ekujonganeni nothintelo lwezifo ezininzi ezosulelayo (ngaphandle kwesifo seengcongconi). Umgangatho wegolide ovavanywe ixesha ibikukusebenzisa iintsholongwane ezibuleweyo okanye amalungu entsholongwane njengesitofu sokugonya. Iphantse yasebenza. Le yindlela ezazilawulwa ngayo izifo ezininzi ezosulelayo kwaye ezinye zatshatyalaliswa kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Ukuba lo bhubhani ukhoyo ubethe uluntu kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ngebesasebenzisa eyona nto yakudala ivavanyiwe. zokugonya yenziwe kusetyenziswa iintsholongwane ezibuleweyo kodwa inzululwazi iye yahambela phambili kakhulu kutsha nje. Ukuqhubela phambili kwibhayoloji yemolekyuli yemfuza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okunokubakho kunyango kunye nophuhliso logonyo oludityaniswe neziphumo ezikhuthazayo kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kwakuthetha ukuthi ndlela-ntle kwindlela ekhoyo yokukhuthaza ukunganyangeki okusebenzayo ngokutyhila kwii-antigens ezibuthathaka. Umbono wokuqhatha umzimba womntu ukuba uvelise iiproteni zentsholongwane kwiiseli ezinokusebenza njengee-antigens zokuqalisa ukwakheka kwe-antibody ngokuchasene neeproteni zentsholongwane ezizenzele yona zithambile kwaye zilumkile kwaye inokuba yibhakana yeentsuku ezizayo ezizayo. Kuphela nje akukho mRNA okanye i-adenovirus eguqulwe ngokwemfuza engazange isetyenziswe ebantwini ukukhohlisa umzimba ukuba wenze ukhuseleko olusebenzayo. Ewe, kukho ixesha lokuqala kuyo yonke into entsha. Ewe, inokuba kwixesha loxolo emva kokufunda impembelelo ixesha elide elincinci kubandakanya nabantu abasesichengeni.
Kuyinyani, obu buchwephesha buziimpendulo kweminye imiba yokhuseleko efana nobungozi bokubuyisela umva, ukusasazeka okungenanjongo okanye iimpazamo zemveliso njl.njl ezinxulumene neentlobo zakudala ze zokugonya. Kwaye, iindlela ezintsha zijolise ngcono - i-antibody ethile ngokuchasene ne-antigen ethile yentsholongwane. Kodwa umntu uphosile ukuqaphela into eyayisaziwa ngumntu wonke ukuba lo bhubhani ubangelwe yi-coronavirus, intsholongwane enembali yamva nje yobhubhani kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, kunye nentsholongwane eyaziwa njengedume ngokuguquka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokusilela ukufunda. Umsebenzi we-nuclease, ngaloo ndlela ubonisa ukuba ii-antigens zentsholongwane aziyi kuhlala zimile ngokwesakhiwo ixesha elide. Kuyabonakala ukuba, yile meko ngoku.
Ewe ngokwenene, ulingo lwezonyango lwenziwe ngempumelelo kwijene yentsholongwane esekwe kwintsholongwane zokugonya olubonakalise ukhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle phakathi koluhlu oluvumelekileyo. Kukwasebenza okufanayo kwisitofu sokugonya esipheleleyo se-virion esingasebenziyo se-COVID-19 ngokunjalo ukusebenza kwayo okokuqala malunga ne-70% kulingo eBrazil yehliswa yaya kutsho kuma-50.7% emva kokuba amanye amavolontiya ebonakalise iimpawu ezibuthathaka. Kodwa emva koko izitofu zokugonya ezingasebenziyo ze-virion ziyaziwa ngokubangela ukusabela okuthambileyo ngenxa yobume bayo, mhlawumbi lurhwebo lokugonya olusebenzayo ngokuchasene noluhlu olubanzi lwee-antigens.
Idatha yokusebenza yabathathu bavunyiweyo zokugonya e-UK, ngakumbi ngokunxulumene nenqanaba lokhuseleko olubonelelwa abantu abasesichengeni baya kubalisa ibali elinzulu kwixesha elizayo. Okwangoku, ukuba ukhetho lwesitofu sokugonya olubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwee-antigens eziphuma kwintsholongwane efileyo engasebenziyo lunokuba ngcono ekusebenzeni ixesha elide alunakukhunjulwa. Inokuba, kubantu abasesichengeni okt. kwabo basemngciphekweni ophezulu ngenxa yobudala ebudala okanye comorbidities, ukuqaliswa ngokukhawuleza amajoni omzimba ngokusebenzisa amajoni omzimba inokuba ibiyeyona ndlela ingcono kunye nendlela esebenzayo yokugonyeka ngenye indlela esempilweni.
Kuyabonakala ukuba, imeko engaqhelekanga ethiwe thaca ngubhubhane ibonakala inovavanyo olulandelelweyo olukhawulezayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kogonyo oluphezulu kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yonyango ebenokuthi mhlawumbi ithathe iminyaka eliqela ukubona ukukhanya kosuku.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/210101
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