Kukho iingxelo zeRussia ebhalisa isitofu sokugonya sokuqala sehlabathi ngokuchasene nenoveli yentsholongwane ye-Corona ngelixa ulingo lwesigaba sesi-3 sesi sitofu lusaqhuba. Iphuhliswe ngokubambisana yiGamaleya Research Institute kunye neRussian Defence Ministry, oku lokugonya isekwe kusetyenziso lwe-adenovirus vector enezixhobo zemfuzo ezifakwe kwi-coronavirus kwaye yaziswa emzimbeni womntu ukuvuselela impendulo yomzimba.
Kubekho iingxelo kumajelo eendaba kangangexesha elithile zokuba izitofu zokugonya i-COVID-19 zinokufumaneka ekupheleni kuka-2020.
Ngaba isitofu sokugonya saseRashiya esixeliweyo sanelisile zonke iimfuno eziyimfuneko phambi kokuba samkelwe ukuba sisetyenziswe ngabantu? Ingaba sinako ngenene isitofu sokugonya esikhuselekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele Covid-19 phambi kokuphela kwalo nyaka?
Ukuphuhliswa kwesitofu sokugonya kwikhosi yesiqhelo kuhamba ngamanyathelo amathathu. Olokuqala luphando lokufumanisa oluhlala luthatha iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-5 lulandelwa luphuhliso lwangaphambili (olubandakanya ulingo kwizilwanyana zaselabhoratri) oluthatha iminyaka emi-2. Oku kulandelwa zizigaba ze-3 zolingo lwezonyango lomntu, iSigaba 1 (kumavolontiya anempilo) ehlala iminyaka eyi-1-2 elandelwa yiSigaba se-2 (indawo, kwinani elincinci lezigulane) ezithatha iminyaka eyi-2-3 efikelela kwiSigaba 3 (ezininzi -centric kwinani elikhulu lezigulane) ezithatha iminyaka eyi-2-4. Ke, kuthatha malunga neminyaka eyi-9-10 ukuphuhlisa isitofu sokugonya kwikhosi eqhelekileyo. Isigaba sesi-3 se-multi-centric solingo lwezonyango lwabantu sithathwa njengesisinyanzelo ngabalawuli kuba simisela ubungakanani bokhuseleko (kunye nokusebenza kakuhle) kubantu abaninzi abahlukeneyo abasuka kumaqela eentlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kwezona meko zingaqhelekanga njengobhubhani wangoku, amaxesha abekiweyo apheleleyo anokucudiswa kakhulu ngokulandela umkhondo okhawulezileyo wamanyathelo athile kunye neenkqubo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko (kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ukuba kuyenzeka) kwesitofu sokugonya.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwisigaba sokuqala sophuhliso lwesitofu sokugonya Covid-19 ixhalabile, sineentlobo ezine ezisekelwe kwindlela iiprotheni zentsholongwane ezibonakaliswa ngayo kwinginginya ukuze kuphuhliswe impendulo yomzimba:
- Isitofu sokugonya se-Adenovirus esekwe kwintsholongwane: ukuveliswa kweeproteni zentsholongwane ngaphakathi komkhosi usebenzisa i-adenovirus vectors. Ezi proteni zentsholongwane ziya kusebenza njengee-antigens ukuze zenze impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba.
- Isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA: Ukutofa i-mRNA ngokuthe ngqo ukuze isebenzise oomatshini beselula bomkhosi ukwenza iiproteni zentsholongwane eziza kusebenza njengee-antigens ngaloo ndlela zibangela ukusabela komzimba.
- izitofu zokugonya ezisekwe kwiprotheyini: Ukusetyenziswa kweeproteni eziveziweyo zentsholongwane egazini ngaphandle kwenginginya kwaye uzitofe njengezitofu zokugonya kumntu wonke kuya kubangela ukusabela komzimba kwinginginya.
- Izitofu zokugonya ezingasebenziyo: Izitofu zokugonya eziphilayo ezingasebenziyo bubushushu kunye/okanye unyango lwemichiza kwaye zitofelwe kwinginginya ukuphuhlisa impendulo yomzimba.
Zonke ezi ndlela zikhankanywe apha ngasentla ziyazanywa kwaye ziyavavanywa ngaxeshanye.
Apha ngezantsi kunikwe imizekelo embalwa yogonyo lwe-COVID-19 kuphuhliso olukwiSigaba sesi-2 okanye iSigaba sesi-3 solingo lwezonyango lwabantu.
- Ugonyo lwe-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 oluphuhliswe kunye ne-AstraZeneca luvavanyelwe ukhuseleko kunye ne-immunogenicity kwisigaba 1/2 solingo olulawulwa ngokungenamkhethe. Isitofu sokugonya sibonise iprofayile yokhuseleko eyamkelekileyo kwaye sabonisa iimpendulo ezinganyangekiyo ze-antibody ngokuchasene ne-COVID-19 sicebisa ukuba sinokuqhutyelwa phambili ukuze sivavanywe kwisigaba sesi-3 solingo.
- Ugonyo lwe-mRNA-1273, oluphuhliswe yiModerna therapeutics, e-USA lugqibe ngempumelelo iSigaba soku-1 solingo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni abali-105 lulandelwa lulingo lweSigaba se-2 sabathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni abavavanya ama-600 µg, 25 µg, kunye nama-100 µg amanqanaba ethamo yesitofu sokugonya. I-mRNA-250 ngoku ihambele phambili kulingo lweSigaba sesi-1273.
- I-Covax-19, ephuhliswe nguVaxine Pty Ltd., iqalise iSigaba soku-1 solingo olulawulwa ngokungacwangciswanga, olulawulwa yi-placebo lwabantu abadala abangama-40 abasempilweni abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-65 ubudala ukuvavanya isizukulwana se-anti-anti-antigenous anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-bios to spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, ngokunjalo. njengokungeniswa kweeseli ze-T ngokuchasene neeproteni ze-spike. Ulingo lweSigaba sesi-2 kulindeleke ukuba luqale ekupheleni kuka-2020.
- I-Covaxin, iyeza lokugonya le-COVID-19 eliphuhliswa ngu-Bharat Biotech, inkampani ye-biotechnology yaseIndiya, ngentsebenziswano neZiko leSizwe leVirology ngumgqatswa wogonyo ongasebenziyo. Ulingo lweSigaba 1/2 malunga ne-1,100 labathathi-nxaxheba abasempilweni luyaqhuba emva kokuvunywa nguMlawuli Jikelele weZiyobisi waseIndiya.
- Abaphandi baseSinopharm kunye neWuhan Institute of Virology phantsi kweChinese Academy of Sciences baphuhlisa umviwa wokugonya ongasebenziyo we-COVID-19 ogqibe ulingo lwekliniki olungenamkhethe, olungaboniyo oluphindwe kabini, lwe-placebo olulawulwa ngokufanayo kwiSigaba 1/2 solingo lwezonyango lwabantu abasempilweni oluqala nge-6. iminyaka ubudala. Isitofu sokugonya sibonise “impendulo eyomeleleyo yokuthomalalisa i-antibody” kulingo lweSigaba 1/2, kwaye ulingo lweSigaba sesi-3 luyaqhuba kwi-United Arab Emirates.
- I-NVX‑CoV2373, isitofu sokugonya seprotein yeNovavax sigqibe iSigaba 1/2 solingo lwezonyango kwaye lunyanyezelwe kakuhle kwaye lwafuna iimpendulo eziqinileyo zokungathinteli. Ulingo lweSigaba se-2 lokuvavanya ukungakhuseleki, ukhuseleko, kunye nokunciphisa isifo se-COVID-19 kulindeleke ukuba luqalise kungekudala.
Zonke ezi zitofu zingentla zilugqibile ulingo lwabantu lwaphambi konyango kunye neSigaba soku-1 ngelixa abambalwa belugqibile ulingo lweSigaba sesi-2 ngokunjalo kwaye iSigaba sesi-3 siyaqhubeka.
Akukho namnye kwaba bagqatswa bogonyo ogqibe isigaba se-3, kubandakanywa nesitofu sokugonya saseRashiya esasungulwa namhlanje.
Ngokumalunga nesitofu sokugonya esibhaliswe ngu Rhashiya ngokucacileyo isigaba sesi-3 solingo lwezonyango lwabantu luyaqhubeka. Olu vumo lungaqhelekanga ngaphandle kokugqiba isigaba sesi-3 solingo sinokuthathwa njengobungenabulumko ngenxa yenkxalabo yokhuseleko kuba izilwa-buhlungu ezingathatheli cala eziveliswa sisitofu sokugonya zinokunyusa ukungena kwentsholongwane kwiiseli kwaye zigqibele sele zisanda usulelo endaweni yokubonelela ngokhuseleko, into eyaziwa ngokuba ukongezwa kokuxhomekeka kwe-antibody (ADE). Nangona kukho ithiyori enokwenzeka ye-ADE, inqanaba lomngcipheko wokugonya we-ADE we-SARS-CoV-2 alaziwa.
Ukungxamiseka kokufumana isitofu sokugonya ukuba sisetyenziswe ngabantu ngabasemagunyeni baseRussia mhlawumbi sithathela ingqalelo imeko yempilo yengqondo yabemi ngenxa yemeko yobhubhane kunye nokuvalwa okukhatshwayo. Ukucinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho uhlobo olunye lwentsholongwane oluchaphazela abantu baseRashiya, iziphumo ezibi ezifana ne-ADE zisenokungabalulekanga kwaye zisenokungafuneki ngokunyanzelwayo ukugqitywa kwesigaba sesi-3 solingo lwezonyango phambi kokuvunywa kwesitofu sokugonya. Nangona kunjalo, isitofu sokugonya esifunekayo ukuze sisetyenziswe kuluntu olwahlukeneyo lwehlabathi ludityaniswa nobukho beentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane, ukugqitywa ngempumelelo kolingo lwenqanaba lesi-3 oluyimpumelelo luba lunyanzeliso phambi kolwamkelo lwesitofu.
Ke, kubonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka ukuba kubekho isitofu sokugonya esivunyiweyo ukuba sisetyenziswe kwihlabathi liphela ekupheleni kuka-2020. Nokuba inqanaba lophando olukhawulezayo kunye nolwamkelo, indawo yomgca wexesha ukuya 'ekupheleni kuka-2021', ngelixa i-factoring ikwisikhundla sokuvelisa izigidi. kunye neebhiliyoni zeedosi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezorhwebo.
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