Ukususela kwiNkomfa yeMozulu yeHlabathi yokuqala ngo-1979 ukuya kwi-COP29 ngo-2024, uhambo lweeNkomfa zeMozulu luye lwaba ngumthombo wethemba. Ngelixa iinkomfa zibe yimpumelelo ekuziseni uluntu lonke kunye rhoqo ngonyaka ngesizathu esifanayo sokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokujongana nemingeni ehambelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, impumelelo yayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ekunciphiseni izinto ezikhutshwayo, imali yemozulu kunye nokunciphisa kunomnqweno omkhulu. . Kwimeko ekhoyo ngoku, ekujoliswe kuko ekunciphiseni ukufudumala ukuya kwi-1.5-degree ekupheleni kwenkulungwane njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSivumelwano saseParis kubonakala ngathi akunakufane kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthandabuza koqoqosho oluninzi olusakhulayo kunye namaqela avelisa amafutha efosili. Imali yemozulu ibiyeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo kwi-COP29 esandul' ukuqukunjelwa eBaku. Inokunyusa inkxaso-mali ngokuphindwe kathathu ukusuka kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka ukuya kwi-300 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka ngo-2035, kodwa oku kungaphantsi kakhulu kwemfuneko yemali eqikelelweyo ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yemozulu. Kwavunyelwana kwiseshoni ye-Baku "ukukhusela iinzame zabo bonke abadlali ukuba basebenze kunye ukunyusa imali kumazwe asakhasayo, ukusuka kwimithombo yoluntu kunye neyabucala ukuya kwisixa se-1.3 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngo-2035", nangona kunjalo imali yemozulu ihlala iyinto enamathelayo phakathi kweNyakatho. naseMzantsi. Impumelelo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu ekubeni ingaba ingxowa-mali yeetriliyoni zeerandi iyafumaneka na ukuxhasa amaQela angeNgakho kwiSihlomelo (oko kukuthi, amazwe asaphuhlayo).
INgqungquthela yoTshintsho lweMozulu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngumsitho waminyaka le. INgqungquthela yoTshintsho lweMozulu yalo nyaka, oko kukuthi, iseshoni yama- 29 yeNgqungquthela yamaQela (i-COP) yeNgqungquthela yoMgaqo-siseko weZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga noTshintsho lweMozulu (i-UNFCCC) ibanjwe ukususela nge-11 kaNovemba 2024 ukuya kuma-24 kaNovemba 2024 eBaku, eAzerbaijan.
INkomfa yokuQala yeMozulu yeHlabathi (i-WCC) yayibanjwe ngoFebruwari ka-1979 e-Geneva phantsi kwe-World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Yayiyindibano yenzululwazi yeengcali eziye zaqonda ukuba imozulu yehlabathi itshintshile ukutyhubela iminyaka yaza yahlola intsingiselo yayo eluntwini. Yabhenela kwiiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwiSindululo sazo ukuba ziphucule ulwazi lwemozulu nokuthintela naluphi na utshintsho olwenziwa ngumntu kwimozulu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iWCC yokuqala yakhokelela ekusekweni kwegqiza leengcaphephe malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
IPhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) yasekwa ngoNovemba 1988 yiWorld Meteorological Organisation (WMO) kunye neUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuze ihlole inzululwazi enxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwacelwa ukuba kuhlolwe imeko yolwazi olukhoyo malunga nenkqubo yemozulu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu; iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo zokutshintsha kwemozulu; kunye nobuchule bokuphendula obunokwenzeka. Kwingxelo yayo yokuqala yovavanyo eyakhutshwa ngoNovemba ka-1990, i-IPCC yaqaphela ukuba iigesi ze-greenhouse ziye zanda kakhulu kwiatmosfera ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kungoko iNkomfa yeMozulu yeHlabathi yesibini kunye nekhwelo lesivumelwano sehlabathi malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
INkomfa yesibini yeMozulu yeHlabathi (iWCC) yabanjwa ngo-Oktobha-Novemba 1990 eGeneva. Iingcali zibonise umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu nangona kunjalo zadaniswa kukungabikho kwezinga eliphezulu lokuzinikela kwiSibhengezo soMphathiswa. Nangona kunjalo, yenza inkqubela ngesivumelwano sehlabathi esicetywayo.
Ngomhla we-11 kweyoMnga ngo-1990, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaseka iKomiti yoThethathethwano phakathi kooRhulumente (INC) yeSivumelwano seSikhokelo soTshintsho lweMozulu kwaye iingxoxo zaqala. NgoMeyi ka-1992, iSivumelwano seSikhokelo seZizwe eziManyeneyo soTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC) samkelwa kwiNtloko yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. NgoJuni ka-1992, i-UNFCCC yayivulelekile ukuba isayinwe kwiNgqungquthela yoMhlaba eRio. Ngomhla wama-21 kweyoKwindla ngo-1994, i-UNFCCC yaqala ukusebenza, njengesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba kunye nokuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwemozulu. Oku kusekelwe kumgaqo woxanduva oluqhelekileyo kodwa olwahlukileyo kunye nobuchule obahlukeneyo (CBDR-RC) oko kukuthi, amazwe ngamanye anezakhono ezahlukeneyo kunye noxanduva olwahlukileyo kunye nezibophelelo ezahlukeneyo ekusombululeni utshintsho lwemozulu.
I-UNFCCC sisivumelwano esisisiseko esibonelela ngesiseko seengxoxo kunye nezivumelwano ezisekelwe kwiimeko zelizwe. Amazwe ali-197 atyikitye kwaye asamkela esi sivumelwano; ngalinye laziwa 'njengeQela' kwindibano yesakhelo. Amazwe ahlulwe abe ngamaqela amathathu ngokusekwe kwizibophelelo ezahlukeneyo – Amaqela eSihlomelo se-I (amazwe aphuhlileyo e-OECD kunye noQoqosho olukwinguqu eYurophu), amaQela eSihlomelo II (amazwe e-OECD eSihlomelo I), kunye namaQela angaManyeneyo (amazwe asakhasayo) . ISihlomelo II Amaqela abonelela ngezibonelelo zemali kunye nenkxaso kuMaqela angengawo eSihlomelo I (okt, amazwe asaphuhlayo) ukuba enze imisebenzi yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Amazwe (okanye amaQela e-UNFCCC) ahlangana minyaka le kwiNgqungquthela yamaQela (i-COP) ukuze axoxe ngeempendulo zamazwe ngamazwe kutshintsho lwemozulu. “IiNgqungquthela zamaQela (i-COP)” ezibanjwa minyaka le zikwabizwa ngokuba “ziiNgqungquthela zoTshintsho lweMozulu zeZizwe eziManyeneyo”.
INkomfa yokuqala yamaQela (i-COP 1) yabanjwa eBerlin ngo-Epreli 1995 apho kwaqatshelwa ukuba izibophelelo zamaQela kwiNgqungquthela 'zazinganelanga' ukuhlangabezana neenjongo, yiyo loo nto isivumelwano sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezingcolisa umoya samkelwe ngexesha le-COP3 eKyoto ngomhla we-11 kuDisemba 1997. Esi sibizwa ngokuba yiKyoto Protocol , yayilisivumelwano sokuqala sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezingcolisa umoya esijolise ekuthinteleni ukuphazamiseka okuyingozi kwabantu kwinkqubo yemozulu. Oku kwanyanzela amazwe aphuhlileyo ukuba anciphise ukukhutshwa kwegesi. Isibophelelo saso sokuqala saphela ngo-2012. Ixesha lesibini lokuzibophelela lavunyelwana ngexesha le-COP18 ngo-2012 eDoha elongeze isivumelwano ukuya ku-2020.
Isivumelwano saseParis mhlawumbi sesona sisombululo sibanzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku luluntu lwehlabathi lwe-195 lokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu ukuya kwikamva eliphantsi kwekhabhoni, eyomeleleyo nelizinzileyo. Yamkelwa ngomhla we-12 Disemba 2015 ngexesha leseshoni ye-COP 21 kwikomkhulu laseFransi. Oku kwabonisa ikhosi ebanzi ngaphaya kokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse equka ukuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuziqhelanisa, kunye nezimali zemozulu.
Itheyibhile: Isivumelwano saseParis
| 1. Iinjongo zobushushu: Bamba ukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu lehlabathi ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-2°C ngaphezu kwamanqanaba angaphambi kwamashishini kwaye ulandele iinzame zokunciphisa ukunyuka kobushushu ukuya kwi-1.5°C ngaphezu kwamanqanaba angaphambi koshishino (Inqaku lesi-2) |
| 2. Izibhambathiso zamaQela: Phendula kutshintsho lwemozulu “njengeminikelo emiselwe kuzwelonke” (iSiqendu 3) Ukufikelela kwincopho yehlabathi yokukhutshwa kwerhasi eluhlaza ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zobushushu (iSiqendu 4) Zibandakanye kwiindlela zokubambisana kusetyenziswa iziphumo zokunciphisa ezidluliselwe kumazwe ngamazwe ngokubhekiselele kwiminikelo emiselwe kuzwelonke (Inqaku lesi-6) |
| 3. Ukuziqhelanisa nophuhliso oluzinzileyo: Ukuphucula amandla okulungelelaniswa, ukuqinisa ukuqina kunye nokunciphisa ubungozi bokutshintsha kwemozulu, ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo (Inqaku lesi-7) Ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokuthintela, ukunciphisa kunye nokujongana nokulahlekelwa kunye nomonakalo ngenxa yemiphumo emibi yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nendima yophuhliso oluzinzileyo ekunciphiseni iingozi ezimbi. (Inqaku lesi-8) |
| 4. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimali zemozulu ngamazwe aphuhlileyo: Ukubonelela ngezibonelelo zemali ukunceda amazwe asaphuhlayo ngokubhekiselele ekunciphiseni nasekuziqhelaniseni (Inqaku lesi-9) |
| 5. Imfundo nokwazisa: Ukuphucula imfundo ngotshintsho lwemozulu, uqeqesho, ukwazisa uluntu, ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kunye nokufikelela koluntu kulwazi (Inqaku le-12) |
Ukusukela ngoFebruwari 2023, amazwe ali-195 atyikitye isiVumelwano saseParis. I-USA yarhoxa kwisivumelwano ngo-2020 kodwa yaphinda yangena ngo-2021.
Ukubaluleka kwenjongo yesiVumelwano saseParis sokucutha ubushushu behlabathi bube yi-1.5°C ngaphezu kwamanqanaba aphambi koshishino ngo-2050 kwaqinisekiswa njengesinyanzeliso yi-IPCC ngo-Okthobha wama-2018 ukuze kuthintelwe imbalela ethe kratya nangakumbi, izikhukula kunye nezaqhwithi kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezimbi kakhulu zemozulu. utshintsho.
Ukunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi ukuya kwi-1.5°C, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi kufuneka kufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngaphambi kowama-2025 kwaye kuncitshiswe ngesiqingatha ngowama-2030. Uvavanyo ( lwenkqubela phambili edibeneyo ekuphunyezweni kweenjongo zemozulu zeSivumelwano saseParis sika-2015) olunikezelwe kwi-COP28 ebibanjelwe eDubai ngo-2023 lutyhile ukuba ihlabathi alikho kwindlela yokunciphisa ukunyuka kobushushu ukuya kwi-1.5°C ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane. Utshintsho alukhawulezi ngokwaneleyo ukufikelela ekunciphiseni ngama-43% kokukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi ngo-2030 okunokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi ngaphakathi kweenjongo zangoku. Ngenxa yoko, i-COP 28 icele utshintsho olupheleleyo ukusuka kwi-fossil fuels ukuya kwi-net zero emissions ngo-2050 ngokusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo aphindwe kathathu, ukuphuculwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kabini ngo-2030, ukunciphisa amandla amalahle angancitshiswanga, ukunciphisa inkxaso-mali ye-fossil fuel engasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nokuthatha amanye amanyathelo agxotha utshintsho kude ne-fossil fuels kwiinkqubo zamandla, ngaloo ndlela, ukuqalisa ukuqala kwexesha le-fossil fuel.
I-COP28 iqalise iSakhelo sezeMali zeMozulu seHlabathi sokuxhasa uqoqosho olutsha lwemozulu ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba imali yemozulu iyafumaneka, ifikeleleka, kwaye ifikeleleka. Isibhengezo se-COP28 kwiSakhelo sezeMali zeMozulu seHlabathi kufuneka sizise uMntla weHlabathi kunye noMzantsi weHlabathi ngokusondeleleneyo ekwakheni amandla adalwe ziinkqubo ezikhoyo.
Imixholo emibini esembindini ye-COP28, okt. ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nemali yemozulu kuye kwavakala kakhulu kwi-COP29 egqitywe kutshanje.
I-COP29 yayibanjelwe e-Baku, e-Azerbaijan ukususela nge-11 kaNovemba ka-2024 kwaye yayiza kuqukunjelwa nge-22 Novemba 2024 nangona kunjalo iseshoni yandiswe malunga neeyure ezingama-33 ukuya kwi-24 kaNovemba 2024 ukuvumela ixesha elongezelelweyo labathetha-thethwano ukuba bancede ukufikelela kwimvumelwano. Akukho nto iphambili ibinokwenziwa malunga nenjongo “yokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kumafutha efosili ukuya kwi-zero ekhutshwayo ngowama-2050 ukunciphisa ubushushu behlabathi bube yi-1.5°C ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane” (mhlawumbi ngenxa yemeko yokungqubana kwemidla, njengoko iAzerbaijan injalo. umvelisi omkhulu we-oyile ekrwada kunye negesi yendalo).
Nangona kunjalo, isivumelwano esinempumelelo sinokufikelelwa kwinkxaso-mali yemozulu kumazwe asakhasayo, ukususela kusukelo lwangaphambili lwe-100 lezigidi zezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka, ukuya kutsho kwiidola ezingama-300 eebhiliyoni ngonyaka ngowama-2035. ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho isivumelwano "sokukhusela iinzame zabo bonke abadlali ukuba basebenzisane ukunyusa imali kumazwe asakhasayo, ukusuka kwimithombo yoluntu kunye neyabucala ukuya kwisixa se-1.3 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngo-2035", nangona kunjalo imali yemozulu ihlala iyinto encamathelayo phakathi kweNyakatho. naseMzantsi. Impumelelo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kuya kuxhomekeka kakhulu ekubeni ingaba ingxowa-mali yeetriliyoni zeerandi iyafumaneka na ukuxhasa amaQela aNgengawo eSihlomelo (oko kukuthi, amazwe asaphuhlayo).
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Iingxelo:
- WMO 1979. Isibhengezo seNkomfa yeMozulu yeHlabathi. Ifumaneka e https://dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf
- UNFCC. Umgca wexesha. Ifumaneka e https://unfccc.int/timeline/
- UNFCC. Ngawaphi amaQela kunye nabachaphazelekayo abangengawo amaqela? Ifumaneka e https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-are-parties-non-party-stakeholders
- LSE. Yintoni iNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo ye-UN ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC)? Ifumaneka e https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-un-framework-convention-on-climate-change-unfccc/
- UNFCC. IProthokholi yaseKyoto – Ujoliso lwexesha lokuqala lokuzibophelela. Ifumaneka e https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period
- LSE. Yintoni isiVumelwano saseParis? Ifumaneka e https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-paris-agreement/
- COP29. Ukuphumelela kwi-Baku kuhambisa i-$ 1.3tn "Injongo yeMali ye-Baku". Ithunyelwe nge-24 Novemba 2024. Iyafumaneka e https://cop29.az/en/media-hub/news/breakthrough-in-baku-delivers-13tn-baku-finance-goal
- UKFCCC. Iindaba – iNkomfa yeMozulu ye-COP29 ye-UN iVumelana neziMali eziThathu kuMazwe asaPhuhlayo, ukuKhusela uBomi kunye nokuziPhila. Ithunyelwe nge-24 Novemba 2024.Ifumaneka apha https://unfccc.int/news/cop29-un-climate-conference-agrees-to-triple-finance-to-developing-countries-protecting-lives-and
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